REFERENCES
- [1] Kulkarni, S. S., Funk, E. W. and Li, N. N., Ultrafiltration, in W. S. W. Ho and K. K. Sirkar (Eds.), Membrane Handbook, p. 393, Chapman and Hall, New York (1992).
- [2] Porter, M. C., Membrane filtration, in P. A. Schweitzer (Ed.), Handbook of Separation Techniques for Chemical Engineers, Sect. 2.1, McGraw-Hill, New York (1979).
- [3] Cheryan, M., Ultrafiltration, Handbook, Technomic, Sect. 8 Lancaster, PA (1986).
- [4] Nokao, S., Nomura, T. and Kimura, S., “Characteristics of Macromolecular Gel Layer Formed on Ultrafiltration Tubular Membrane,” AIChE J., Vol. 25, p. 615 (1979).
- [5] Fane, A. G., Fell, C. J. D. and Waters, A. G., “The Relationship between Membrane Surface Pore Characteristics and Flux for Ultrafiltration Membranes,” J. Member. Sci., Vol. 9, p. 245 (1981).
- [6] Clifton, M. J., Abidine, N., Aptel, P. and Sanchez, V., “Growth of the Polarization Layer in Ultrafiltration with Hollow-Fiber Membranes,” J. Membr. Sci., Vol. 21, p. 233 (1984).
- [7] Thomas, D. C., “Enhancement of Forced Convection Heat Transfer Coefficient using Detached Turbulence Promoters,” Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Design Dev., Vol. 6, p. 385 (1967).
- [8] Peri, C. and Dunkley, W. L., “Reverse Osmosis of Cotlage Cheese Whey, Influence of Flow Conditions,” J. Food Sci., Vol. 36, p. 395 (1971).
- [9] Poyen, S., Quemeneur, F. and Bariou, B., “Improvement of the Flux of Permeate in Ultrafiltration by Turbulence Promoters,” Int. Chem. Eng., Vol. 27, p. 441 (1987).
- [10] Howell, J. A., Field, R. W. and Wu, D., “Yeast Cell Microfiltration: Flux Enhancement in Baffled and Pulsatill Flow System,” J. Membr. Sci., Vol. 80, p. 59 (1993).
- [11] Gupta, B. B., Howell, J. A., Wu, D. and Field, R. W., “A Helical Baffle for Cross-Flow Microfiltration,” J. Membr. Sci., Vol. 99, p. 31 (1995).
- [12] Howell, J. A., Field, R. W. and Wu, D., “Ultrafiltration of High Viscosity Solution: Theoretical Developments and Experimental Findings,” Chem. Eng. Sci., Vol. 51, p. 1405 (1996).
- [13] Gupta, B. B., Wu, D., Field, R. W. and Howell, J. A., “Permeate Flux Enhancement using a Baffle in Microfiltration with Mineral Membrane,” Sep. Technol., Vol. 11, p. 559 (1994).
- [14] Field, R. W., Wu, D., Howell, J. A. and Gupta, B. B., “Critical Flux Concept for Microfiltration Fouling,” J. Membr. Sci., Vol. 100, p. 259 (1995).
- [15] Da Costa, A. R., Fane, A. G., Fell, C. J. D. and Franker, A. C. M., “Optimal Channel Spacer Design for Ultrafiltration,” J. Membr. Sci., Vol. 62, p. 275 (1991).
- [16] Da Costa, A. R., Fane, A. G. and Wiley, D. E., “Spacer Charaterization and Pressure Drop Modulling in Spacer-Filled Channels for Ultrafiltration,” J. Membr. Sci., Vol. 87, p. 79 (1994).
- [17] Da Costa, A. R. and Fane, A. G., “Net-type Spacers: Effect of Configuration on Fluid Flow Path and Ultrafiltration Flux,” Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., Vol. 33, p. 1845 (1994).
- [18] Yeh, H. M. and Wu, H. H., “Membrane Ultrafiltration in Combined Hollow-fiber Module Systems,” J. Membr. Sci., Vol. 124, p. 93 (1997).
- [19] Yeh, H. M. and Tsai, J. W., “Membrane Ultrafiltration in Multipass Hollow-fiber Modules,” J. Membr. Sci., Vol. 142, p. 61 (1998).
- [20] Yeh, H. M., Chen, H. Y. and Chen, K. T., “Membrane Ultrafiltration in a Tubular Module with a Steel Rod Inserted Concentrically for Improved Performance,” J. Membr. Sci., Vol. 168, p. 121 (2000).
- [21] Yeh, H. M. and Chen, K. T., “Improvement of Ultrafiltration Performance in Tubular Membranes using a Twisted Wire-rod Assembly,” J. Membr. Sci. Vol. 178, p. 43 (2000).
- [22] Howell, J. A., “Subcritical Flux Operation of Microfiltration,” J. Membr. Sci. Vol. 107, p. 165 (1995).
- [23] Wu, D. X., Howell, J. A. and Fired, R., “Critical Flux Measurement for Model Colloids,” J. Membr. Sci. Vol. 152, p. 89 (1999).
- [24] Song, L. and Elimelech, M., “Theory of Concentration Polarization in Crossflow Filtration,” J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. Vol. 91, p. 3389 (1995).