Approach for determining cut-off values for electric motorcycle swap battery before the end-of-life in the recycling classification

Annie  Purwani; Wahyudi  Sutopo; Muhammad  Hisjam; Anugrah  Widiyanto

doi:10.6180/jase.202504_28(4).0013

Approach for determining cut-off values for electric motorcycle swap battery before the end-of-life in the recycling classification

Research Categories Environmental Engineering

Annie Purwani^1,2This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it., Wahyudi Sutopo¹This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it., Muhammad Hisjam¹, and Anugrah Widiyanto³

¹Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta 57126, Indonesia

²Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Ringroad Selatan, Kragilan, Tamanan, Banguntapan, Bantul, Yogyakarta 55191, Indonesia

³National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), BJ Habibie Bld. 6th fl., M.H. Thamrin Street No. 7, Central Jakarta 10340, Indonesia

Received: November 1, 2023
Accepted: April 29, 2024
Publication Date: June 12, 2024

Copyright The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are cited.

Download Citation: ||https://doi.org/10.6180/jase.202504_28(4).0013

Several strategies and attempts have been made to accelerate the transition from internal combustion engines (ICE) to electric vehicles (EVs). This acceleration also has implications for the increasing swap battery waste on electric motorcycles. End-of-life (EoL) swap batteries on electric motorcycles have reached the end of their useful life in large quantities and potentially endangering human health, ecosystems, and resource availability. The management of the EoL swap battery should involve electric motorcycle manufacturers, swap battery manufacturers, swap station managers, EoL battery collectors, and battery recycling managers. Determining the recycling classifications before EoL (mentioned as the EoL cut-off) is, thus the key to sustainability. The best cut-off index was determined by finding the best trade-off among treatment recycling classification, swap battery performance, material circulation, and the potential environmental impacts. The approached to finding the best trade-off was using response surface methodology (RSM). Repair, remanufacture, or reuse are alternatives to EoL management maintenance Swap battery performance is based on the state of health (SoH) of the battery. Material circularity was measured using material flow analysis. Potential environmental impacts were gauged using life cycle assessment (LCA). The RSM results revealed that the optimal cut-off index occurred before EoL when the swap battery’s State of Health (SoH) was 81.76%. The recommended recycling classification is repair treatment, as it reduces environmental impact and promotes significant material circularity

Keywords: life cycle assessment; swap battery; recycling classification; end-of-life (EoL)

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