Antar Ahmed Antar1, Asem Abdulqawi Alsofiany1, and Mohd Yusof Bin Harun This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.1
1Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
Received: December 4, 2021 Accepted: May 12, 2022 Publication Date: June 17, 2022
Copyright The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are cited.
The increase in anthropogenic and agricultural activities has resulted in a significant discharge of heavy metalpolluted water into the environment. The removal of heavy metals from polluted water through the use of sustainable, low-cost, and biodegradable sorbents with high efficiency has become a research priority. The novel aspect of this work is the optimisation study of Fe (II) adsorption from wastewater by Clay-alginate composite beads. The synergistic combination of these adsorbents yields a composite of clay-biomass adsorbents with superior adsorption properties and high binding sites. The optimisation experiment was designed using the Box-Behnken method. In 46 experimental runs, five factors were investigated: initial pH (2-12), initial Fe (II) concentration (200-1000mg/l), stirring speed (0-250 rpm), adsorbent dosage (0.1-0.5 gm), and contact time (30-180 min). According to the ANOVA analysis, all factors are significant and have an impact on the removal efficiency. The optimum conditions for the selected factors are 10.23, 209mg/l, 65.34rpm, 0.107gm, and 128.6min for the initial pH, initial Fe (II) concentration, stirring speed, adsorbent dosage, and contact time, respectively. At these optimum conditions, removal efficiency could reach 52.9%. The findings of this study would be useful to researchers and those interested in wastewater treatment processes, particularly those involving the removal of heavy metals and hazardous waste.
Keywords: bentonite, Na-alginate, heavy metal, optimisation, Box-Behnken
REFERENCES
[1] F. Wang, X. Lu, and X.-y. Li, (2016) “Selective removals of heavy metals (Pb2+, Cu2+, and Cd2+) from wastewater by gelation with alginate for effective metal recovery" Journal of hazardous materials 308: 75–83. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.01.021.
[2] V. B. Yadav, R. Gadi, and S. Kalra, (2019) “Clay based nanocomposites for removal of heavy metals from water: A review" Journal of environmental management 232: 803–817. DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.11.120.
[3] K. Muda and E. H. Ezechi, (2019) “Overview of trends in crude palm oil production and economic impact in Malaysia" Sriwijaya Journal of Environment 4(1): 19–26.
[4] M. A. Shavandi, Z. Haddadian, M. H. S. Ismail, and N. Abdullah, (2012) “Continuous metal and residual oil removal from palm oil mill effluent using natural zeolitepacked column" Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers 43(6): 934–941. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2012.07.001.
[5] M. Zakaria. “Adsorption of Copper and Lead from Aqueous Solution Onto Ash from Palm Oil Mill Effluent Sludge". (phdthesis). Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 2016.
[6] Y. Hashiguchi, M. R. Zakaria, T. Maeda, M. Z. M. Yusoff, M. A. Hassan, and Y. Shirai, (2020) “Toxicity identification and evaluation of palm oil mill effluent and its effects on the planktonic crustacean Daphnia manga" Science of The Total Environment 710: 136277. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136277.
[7] A. Ahmad, A. Bhat, A. Buang, S. Shah, and M. Afzal, (2019) “Biotechnological application of microalgae for integrated palm oil mill effluent (POME) remediation: a review" International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 16(3): 1763–1788. DOI: 10.1007/s13762-018-2118-8.
[8] Y. S. Madaki and L. Seng, (2013) “Palm oil mill effluent (POME) from Malaysia palm oil mills: waste or resource" International Journal of Science, Environment and Technology 2(6): 1138–1155.
[9] A. Abdulrahman Oyekanmi, A. A. Abd Latiff, Z. Daud, R. M. Saphira Radin Mohamed, N. Ismail, A. Ab Aziz, M. Rafatullah, K. Hossain, A. Ahmad, and A. Kamoldeen Abiodun, (2019) “Adsorption of cadmium and lead from palm oil mill effluent using bonecomposite: Optimisation and isotherm studies" International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry 99(8): 707–725. DOI: 10.1080/03067319.2019.1607318.
[10] Q. Liu, B. Yang, L. Zhang, and R. Huang, (2015) “Adsorptive removal of Cr (VI) from aqueous solutions by cross-linked chitosan/bentonite composite" Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering 32(7): 1314–1322. DOI:10.1007/s11814-014-0339-1.
[11] H. Zhang, Z. Tong, T. Wei, and Y. Tang, (2011) “Removal characteristics of Zn (II) from aqueous solution by alkaline Ca-bentonite" Desalination 276(1-3): 103–108. DOI: 10.1016/j.desal.2011.03.026.
[12] C. M. Futalan, C.-C. Kan, M. L. Dalida, K.-J. Hsien, C. Pascua, and M.-W.Wan, (2011) “Comparative and competitive adsorption of copper, lead, and nickel using chitosan immobilized on bentonite" Carbohydrate polymers 83(2): 528–536. DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.08.013.
[13] T. Anirudhan, S. Jalajamony, and S. Sreekumari, (2012) “Adsorption of heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions by amine and carboxylate functionalised bentonites" Applied Clay Science 65: 67–71. DOI: 10.1016/j.clay.2012.06.005.
[14] L. Laysandra, F. H. Santosa, V. Austen, F. E. Soetaredjo, K. Foe, J. N. Putro, Y.-H. Ju, and S. Ismadji, (2018) “Rarasaponin-bentonite-activated biochar from durian shells composite for removal of crystal violet and Cr (VI) from aqueous solution" Environmental Science and Pollution Research 25(30): 30680–30695. DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3104-x.
[15] F. Aziz, M. El Achaby, A. Lissaneddine, K. Aziz, N. Ouazzani, R. Mamouni, and L. Mandi, (2020) “Composites with alginate beads: A novel design of nanoadsorbents impregnation for large-scale continuous flow wastewater treatment pilots" Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 27(10): 2499–2508. DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2019.11.019.
[16] A. R. Esfahani, Z. Zhang, Y. Y. L. Sip, L. Zhai, and A. A. Sadmani, (2020) “Removal of heavy metals from water using electrospun polyelectrolyte complex fiber mats" Journal of Water Process Engineering 37: 101438. DOI: 10.1016/j.jwpe.2020.101438.
[17] H. N. M. E. Mahmud, A. O. Huq, and R. binti Yahya, (2016) “The removal of heavy metal ions from wastewater/aqueous solution using polypyrrole-based adsorbents: a review" RSC advances 6(18): 14778–14791. DOI: 10.1039/c5ra24358k.
[18] A. Navarro, H. Musaev, K. Serrano, M. Masud, et al., (2014) “Adsorption kinetics of cobalt (II) ions onto alginate beads from aqueous solutions" J. earth sci. Clim.Change 5(223): 2.
[19] F. Fu and Q.Wang, (2011) “A review of removal of heavy metal ions from wastewaters" Journal of environmental management 92(3): 407–418.
[20] V. Gupta et al., (2009) “Application of low-cost adsorbents for dye removal–a review" Journal of environmental management 90(8): 2313–2342. DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2008.11.017.
[21] R. Chakraborty, A. Asthana, A. K. Singh, B. Jain, and A. B. H. Susan, (2022) “Adsorption of heavy metal ions by various low-cost adsorbents: a review" International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry 102(2): 342–379. DOI: 10.1080/03067319.2020.1722811.
[22] V. B. Yadav, R. Gadi, and S. Kalra, (2018) “Synthesis and characterization of novel nanocomposite by using kaolinite and carbon nanotubes" Applied Clay Science 155: 30–36. DOI: 10.1016/j.clay.2017.11.043.
[23] D. Sud, G. Mahajan, and M. Kaur, (2008) “Agricultural waste material as potential adsorbent for sequestering heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions–A review" Bioresource technology 99(14): 6017–6027. DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2007.11.064.
[24] P. N. Diagboya, B. I. Olu-Owolabi, F. M. Mtunzi, and K. O. Adebowale, (2020) “Clay-carbonaceous material composites: Towards a new class of functional adsorbents for water treatment" Surfaces and Interfaces 19:100506. DOI: 10.1016/j.surfin.2020.100506.
[25] A. Ely, M. Baudu, M. O. S. O. Kankou, and J.-P. Basly, (2011) “Copper and nitrophenol removal by low cost alginate/Mauritanian clay composite beads" Chemical Engineering Journal 178: 168–174. DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2011.10.040.
[26] A. A. Oladipo and M. Gazi, (2014) “Enhanced removal of crystal violet by low cost alginate/acid activated bentonite composite beads: optimization and modelling using non-linear regression technique" Journal ofWater Process Engineering 2: 43–52. DOI: 10.1016/j.jwpe.2014.04.007.
[27] D. Ouyang, Y. Zhuo, L. Hu, Q. Zeng, Y. Hu, and Z. He, (2019) “Research on the adsorption behavior of heavy metal ions by porous material prepared with silicate tailings" Minerals 9(5): 291. DOI: 10.3390/min9050291.
[28] M. Mourabet, A. El Rhilassi, H. El Boujaady, M. Bennani-Ziatni, R. El Hamri, and A. Taitai, (2012) “Removal of fluoride from aqueous solution by adsorption on Apatitic tricalcium phosphate using Box–Behnken design and desirability function" Applied Surface Science 258(10): 4402–4410. DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2011.12.125.
[29] P. S. Bhandari, P. R. Gogate, et al., (2019) “Adsorptive removal of sodium dodecyl sulfate using activated coconut shell based adsorbent: kinetic and thermodynamic study" Desalin.Water Treat 165: 111–123. DOI: 10.5004/dwt.2019.24491.
We use cookies on this website to personalize content to improve your user experience and analyze our traffic. By using this site you agree to its use of cookies.
