Journal of Applied Science and Engineering

Published by Tamkang University Press

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Study on Temperature-SOC-Current Ternary Coupling Characteristics of UAV Lithium-Ion Batteries

 2026

 Volume 33

Lin-yi Zhou and Xin-ji Gan

School of Mechanical Engineering,Beihua University, Jilin 132013, China

Received: February 9, 2026
Accepted: May 13, 2026
Publication Date: June 15, 2026

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Battery Temperature–Current–SOC Coupling Relationship Diagram. 

 Copyright The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are cited.

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In lithium-ion battery systems for UAVs, the ternary coupling relationship between temperature, State of Charge (SOC), and current exerts a decisive impact on battery performance and safety. Through multi-parameter collaborative experiments combined with thermodynamic modeling to analyze the system’s energy conversion and heat transfer processes, this study reveals the dynamic evolution laws of the coupling relationship. Experimental results indicate that distinct SOC intervals exhibit significantly differentiated coupling behaviors during constant current discharge. in the high SOC stage ( 80%−100% ), the three parameters show an approximately linear relationship. in the medium SOC stage ( 30%−80% ), due to the coupling of internal resistance with SOC and heat conduction effects, the temperature presents a non-monotonic “rise-fall-rise again” variation; in the low SOC stage (<30%), a positive feedback loop of “internal resistance-heat generation-temperature rise” is triggered by the strong coupling effect between internal resistance and electrode polarization. Although derived with heat capacity simplification and internal resistance approximation, the explicit solution of the thermal equation derived from thermodynamic modeling can although adopting heat capacity simplification and internal resistance approximation, and only applicable to constant current discharge conditions, can still be applied to battery BMS after engineering adaptation and a hierarchical early warning matrix integrating the current-SOC-temperature relationship is constructed, providing a theoretical and practical application basis for the intelligent thermal management of UAV batteries.

Keywords: Lithium-ion batteries for UAVs; Ternary coupling relationship; Thermodynamic modeling; Hierarchical early warning matrix

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