N. K. Udaya Prakash This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.1, R. Vasantharaj1, E. Balasubramanian1, Gosavi Bhushan1, Sudip Das1 and Farhan Eqbal1

1Research and Development, Vel Tech Dr. RR & Dr. SR Technical University, Avadi, Chennai 600062, India


 

Received: October 7, 2013
Accepted: June 22, 2014
Publication Date: March 1, 2014

Download Citation: ||https://doi.org/10.6180/jase.2014.17.1.01  


ABSTRACT


The vertical distribution of fungal spores in the atmosphere reveals their spread in surrounding area and the knowledge on their presence is necessary. There is no cost effective technology or methodology to monitor the spread of mycoflora at the specified height in the atmosphere. In such cases, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are widely used. In this study, UAV developed with electrical propulsion system is used to monitor the mycoflora. Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) analysis was carried to optimize the position of the sampler in UAV. The flight was used to sample four different sites at the height of 5 m to 20 m for the time period of 5 minutes each. Zefon 3-celled cassette containing mixed cellulose ester (MCE) membrane was used for sampling. The exposed filters were analyzed by swabbing on the surface of petridishes containing potato dextrose agar (PDA). The growing colonies were identified and recorded after 45 days time interval of incubation at 30 2 C. A total of 13 different species classified in 7 different genera were isolated. Among the species, Aspergillus was represented with maximum number (4) of species, followed by Curvularia, Drechslera and Penicillium (2 species each). Difference in number of species and colonies were recorded in respective sampling sites. The study favors the application of cost effective UAV in monitoring mycoflora from the atmosphere, specifically to monitor vertical distribution of fungi and in hazardous environment where human exposure can be avoided.


Keywords: Bioaerosols, UAV, Air Mycoflora, MCE, PDA, Aspergillus


REFERENCES


  1. [1] Ashworth, R. P., Unmanned Aerial Vehicles and the Future Navy, Royal Australian Navy, Working Paper 6, Commonwealth of Australia (2001).
  2. [2] Kurvinen, K., Smolander, P., Pollanen, R., Kuukankorpi, S., Lyytinen, J. and Kettunen, M., “Design of a Radiation Surveillance Unit for an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle,” J. Environ. Radioact, Vol. 81, pp. 110 (2005). doi: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2004.10.009
  3. [3] Adhikari, A., Sen, M. M., Gupta-Bhattacharya, S. and Chanda, S., “Volumetric Assessment of Airborne Fungi in Two Sections of Rural Indoor Dairy Cattle Shed,” Environment International, Vol. 29, pp. 10711078 (2004). doi: 10.1016/S0160-4120(03)00103-X
  4. [4] Khattab, A. and Levetin, E., “Preliminary Studies on the Effect of the Burkard Alternate Orifice on Airborne Fungal Spore Concentrations,” Aerobiologia, Vol. 24, pp. 165171 (2008). doi: 10.1007/s10453- 008-9096-0
  5. [5] Chattopadhyay, B. P., Satadal Das, Adhikari, A. and Jane Alam, “Exposure to Varying Concentration of Fungal Spores in Grain Storage Godowns and Its Effect on the Respiratory Function Status among the Workers,” Industrial Health, Vol. 45, pp. 449461 (2007). doi: 10.2486/indhealth.45.449
  6. [6] Kalwasiska, A., Burkowska, A. and Iwona Wilk, “Microbial Air Contamination in Indoor Environment of a University Library,” Annals of Agri. and Envn. Med., Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 2529 (2012).
  7. [7] Rao, T. A., Shaikh, A. H. and Ahmed, M., “Airborne Fungal Flora of Karachi,” Pak. J. Bot., Vol. 41, No. 3, pp. 14211428 (2009).
  8. [8] Ellis, J. M., Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes, CMI, Kew, Surrey, England (1971). doi: 10.1016/S0007-1536 (74)80031-8
  9. [9] Onions, A. H. S., Allsopp, D. and Eggins, H. O. W., Smith’s Introduction to Industrial Mycology, 7th Ed. Edward Arnold, London (1981).
  10. [10] Udaya Prakash, N. K., Indoor Molds: Isolation and Identification, Color Wings (P) Ltd. Chennai, India (2004).
  11. [11] Schmale III, D. G., Dingus, B. R. and Reinholtz, C., “Development and Application of an Autonomous Unmanned Aerial Vehicle for Precise Aerobiological Sampling above Agricultural Fields,” Journal of Field Robotics, Vol. 25, No. 3, pp. 133147 (2008). doi: 10.1002/rob.20232
  12. [12] Schmale, D., Ross, S., Fetters, T., Tallapragada, P., Wood-Jones, A. and Dingus, B., “Isolates of Fusarium Graminearum Collected 40320 Meters above Ground Level Cause Fusarium Head Blight in Wheat and Produce Trichothecene Mycotoxins,” Aerobiologia, Vol. 28, pp. 111 (2012). doi: 10.1007/s10453-011-9206-2
  13. [13] Wainwright, M., Wickramasinghe, N. C., Narlikar, J. V., Rajaratnam, P. and Perkins, J., “Confirmation of the Presence of Viable, But Non-Cultureable Bacteria in the Stratosphere,” Intern. J. Astrobiol., Vol. 3, pp. 1315 (2004). doi: 10.1017/S1473550404001739
  14. [14] Wainwright, M., Wickramasinghe, N. C., Narlikar, J. V. and Rajaratnam, P., “Microorganisms Cultured from Stratospheric Air Samples Obtained at 41 km,” FEMS Microbiol. Lett., Vol. 218, pp. 161165 (2003). doi: 10.1016/S0378-1097(02)01138-2
  15. [15] Udaya Prakash, N. K. and Vittal, “Airborne Molds in the Atmosphere of a Solid Waste Dumping Site at Chennai,” Indian J. of Aerobiol., Vol. 16, No. 1 & 2, pp. 1016 (2003).
  16. [16] Shields, E. J. and Tiesta, A. M., “Fall Migratory Flight Initiation of the Potato Leafhopper, Empoasca Fabae (Homoptera: Cicadellidae): Observations in the Lower Atmosphere Using Remote Piloted Vehicles,” Agric. Forest Meteorol., Vol. 97, pp. 317330 (1999). doi: 10.1016/S0168-1923(99)00075-1
  17. [17] Ramirez, M. S. L., Schmale, D. G., Shields, E. J. and Bergstrom, G. C., “The Relative Abundance of Viable Spores of Gibberella Zeae in the Planetary Boundary Layer Suggests the Role of Long-Distance Transport in Regional Epidemics of Fusarium Head Blight,” Agric. For. Meteorol., Vol. 132, pp. 2027 (2005). doi: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2005.06.007
  18. [18] Shields, E. J., Dauer, J. T., Van Gessel, M. J. and Neumann, G., “Horseweed (Conyza Canadensis) Seeds Collected in the Planetary Boundary Layer,” Weed Sci., Vol. 54, pp. 10631067 (2006). doi: 10.1614/ WS-06-097R1.1
  19. [19] Aylor, D. E., Boehm, M. T. and Shields. E. J., “Quantifying Aerial Concentrations of Maize Pollen in the Atmospheric Surface Layer Using Remote-Piloted Airplanes and Lagrangian Stochastic Modeling,” Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 45, pp. 1003 1015 (2006). doi: 10.1175/JAM2381.1
  20. [20] Techy, L., Flight Vehicle Control and Aerobiological Sampling Applications, D. Phil., Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA (2009).
  21. [21] Lin, B., Bozorgmagham, A., Ross, S. D. and Schmale III, D. G., “Small Fluctuations in the Recovery of Fusaria across Consecutive Sampling Intervals with Unmanned Aircraft 100 m above Ground Level,” Aerobiologia, Vol. 29, pp. 4554 (2013). doi: 10.1007/ s10453-012-9261-3
  22. [22] Dingus, B. R., Development of an Autonomous Unmanned Aerial Vehicle for Aerobiological Sampling, M. Sc., Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA (2007). doi: 10.1002/rob.20232