Prakash Srivastava This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.1 and Rakesh Kumar1

1Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur 273010, India


 

Received: December 21, 2015
Accepted: April 26, 2016
Publication Date: September 1, 2016

Download Citation: ||https://doi.org/10.6180/jase.2016.19.3.15  

ABSTRACT


The portable devices such as mobile phones, laptops or personal digital assistants (PDAs) are used by mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) for communication establishment in a spontaneous manner. For fulfilling the coverage requirements of future 4G we need integration of mobile ad hoc network with Internet to enhance the pervasiveness and flexibility of networks. It is necessary for mobile nodes to identify and choose an optimal gateway among multiple gateways for Internet access. Therefore, a mechanism for gateway discovery is needed. The adaptive gateway discovery can be configured by dynamically adjusting its TTL value (proactive area) on the basis of several parameters like number of active source nodes, traffic load at the gateway and link changes. Existing schemes involve inaccurate estimation of optimal proactive area, hence they suffer from large routing overhead which ultimately affects the network performance and throughput. This paper aims to develop a novel and efficient adaptive gateway discovery algorithm focusing on optimal TTL value by utilizing the potential and capability of Fuzzy logic, which makes a significant impact on routing overhead during gateway discovery. The proposed scheme also incorporates efficient handover in the situation of multiple gateways so that single gateway will not become a bottleneck. The proposed approach is evaluated using computer simulation and also analytically validated. Results show our approach outperforming existing ones.


Keywords: MANET, Fuzzy Logic, Adaptive Gateway Discovery, TTL (Time-to-live), Handover


REFERENCES


  1. [1] Attia, R., Rizk, R. and Ali, H. A., “Internet Connectivity for Mobile Ad Hoc Network: a Survey Based Study,” Journal of Wireless Networks, Springer, pp. 126 (2015). doi: 10.1007/s11276-015-0922-3
  2. [2] Zhong, S. and Zhang, Y., “How to Select Optimal Gateway in Multi-domain Wireless Networks: Alternative Solutions without Learning,” IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, Vol. 12, pp. 5620 5630 (2013). doi: 10.1109/TWC.2013.100113.121828
  3. [3] Javaid, U., Rasheed, T., Meddour, D. E. and Ahmed, T., “Adaptive Distributed Gateway Discovery in Hybrid Wireless Networks,” Proceedings of the IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC), pp. 27352740 (2008). doi: 10.1109/WCNC. 2008.479
  4. [4] Ruiz, P. and Gomez-Skarmeta, A., “Maximal Source Coverage Adaptive Gateway Discovery for Hybrid Ad Hoc Networks,” Springer, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 3158, pp. 2841 (2004).
  5. [5] Ros, F. and Ruiz, P., “Low Overhead and Scalable Proxied Adaptive Gateway Discovery for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks,” Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Mobile Adhoc and Sensor Systems (MASS), pp. 226235 (2006). doi: 10.1109/MOBHOC. 2006.278561
  6. [6] Ghassemian, M., Friderikos, V. and Aghvami, A. H., “A Generic Algorithm to Improve the Performance of Proactive Ad Hoc Mechanisms,” Proceedings of the Sixth IEEE International Symposium on a World of Wireless Mobile and Multimedia Networks, pp. 362 367 (2005). doi: 10.1109/WOWMOM.2005.4
  7. [7] Ratanchandani, P. and Kravets, R., “A Hybrid Approach to Internet Connectivity for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks,” Proceedings of the IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, New Orleans, USA, Vol. 3, pp. 15221527 (2003). doi: 10.1109/ WCNC.2003.1200612
  8. [8] Lee, J., Kim, D., Garcia-Luna-Aceves, J. J., Choi, Y., Choi, J. and Nam, S., “Hybrid Gateway Advertisement Scheme for Connecting Mobile Ad Hoc Networks to the Internet,” Proceedings of the 57th IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, Orlando, FL, USA, pp. 1991 1995 (2003). doi: 10.1109/VETECS.2003.1207528
  9. [9] Bin, S., Bingxin, L. B., Zhonggong, H. and Li, Z., “Adaptive Gateway Discovery Scheme for Connecting Mobile Ad Hoc Networks to the Internet,” Proceedings of the International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing, Vol. 2, pp. 795799 (2005). doi: 10.1109/WCNM.2005. 1544172
  10. [10] Kumar, R., Misra, M. and Sarje, A. K., “A Proactive Load-Aware Gateway Discovery in Ad Hoc Networks for Internet Connectivity,” International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC), Vol. 2, No. 5, pp. 120139 (2010). doi: 10.5121/ijcnc.2010. 2508
  11. [11] Vanjara, R. K. and Misra, M., “An Efficient Mechanism for Connecting MANET and the Internet through Complete Adaptive Gateway Discovery,” Proceedings of the First International Conference on Communication System Software and Middleware, pp. 15 (2006). doi: 10.1109/COMSWA.2006.1665151
  12. [12] Zaman, R. U., Khan, K. U. R. and Reddy, A. V., “Path Load Balanced Adaptive Gateway Discovery in Integrated Internet-MANET,” Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Communication Systems and Network Technologies, pp. 203206 (2014). doi: 10.1109/CSNT.2014.47
  13. [13] Zaman, R. U., Khan K. U. R. and Reddy, A. V., “Mamdani Fuzzy Control based Adaptive Gateway Discovery for Ubiquitous Internet Access in MANET,” Proceedings of the Annual IEEE India Conference (INDICON), Pune, pp. 15 (2014). doi: 10.1109/ INDICON.2014.7030593
  14. [14] Zaman, R. U., Khan, K. U. R. and Reddy, A. V., “Gateway Load Balancing in Integrated Internet-MANET Using WLBAODV,” Proceedings of the ACM International Conference and Workshop on Emerging Trends in Technology, pp. 411416 (2010).
  15. [15] Yuste, A. J., Trivino, A., Trujillo, F. D. and Casilari, E., “Using Fuzzy Logic in Hybrid Multihop Wireless Networks,” International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks, Vol. 2, Issue 3, pp. 96108 (2010). doi: 10. 5121/ijwmn.2010.2307
  16. [16] Yuste, A. J., Trivino, A. and Casilari, E., “Type-2 Fuzzy Decision Support System to Optimise MANET Integration into Infrastructure-based Wireless Systems,” Elsevier Journal of Expert Systems with Applications, Vol. 40, pp. 25522567 (2013). doi: 10.1016/j.eswa. 2012.10.063
  17. [17] Sarr, C. and Lassous, I. G., “Estimating Average Endto-End Delays in IEEE 802.11 Multihop Wireless Networks,” [Research Report] RR-6259, INRIA. 2007, p. 24 (2007).
  18. [18] Hamidian, A., A Study of Internet Connectivity for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks in NS2, Masters Thesis, Department of Communication Systems, Lund Institute of Technology, Lund University.