{"id":9796,"date":"2026-08-09T14:38:31","date_gmt":"2026-08-09T06:38:31","guid":{"rendered":"\/jase\/?post_type=tkuisotope&#038;p=9796"},"modified":"2026-08-09T16:02:34","modified_gmt":"2026-08-09T08:02:34","slug":"jase-202611-34-029","status":"publish","type":"tkuisotope","link":"\/jase\/?tkuisotope=jase-202611-34-029","title":{"rendered":"Analysis of the microgrid&#8217;s frequency resilience using a lightweight selfish sheep optimisation algorithm"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-tkuwpbs5-bs5-row row article-info\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-tkuwpbs5-bs5-column col-md-3 align-self-start\">\n<p><i class=\"fa fa-folder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>&nbsp;<a href=\"\/jase\/?page_id=807\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"807\">2026<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-tkuwpbs5-bs5-column col-md-3 align-self-start\">\n<p><i class=\"fa fa-folder-open\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>&nbsp;<a href=\"\/jase\/?page_id=9439\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"9439\">Volume 34<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-tkuwpbs5-bs5-column col-md-6 align-self-start\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-tkuwpbs5-bs5-div dv_publish\" data-aos=\"normal\"><div class=\"wp-block-post-date\"><time datetime=\"2026-08-09T14:38:31+08:00\">2026-08-09<\/time><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-tkuwpbs5-bs5-row row\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-tkuwpbs5-bs5-column col-md-5 align-self-start\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-tkuwpbs5-bs5-div au-ol\" data-aos=\"normal\">\n<p>Anjiang Liu<a href=\"mailto:leeli@hust.edu.cn\"><i class=\"fa fa-envelope\"><\/i><\/a>, Youzhuo Zheng, Di Weng, Hengrong Zhang, and Xinhao Li<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:14px\">Electric Power Research Institute, Guizhou Power Grid Co., Ltd, Guiyang, 550002, China<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-tkuwpbs5-bs5-div\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\" data-aos=\"normal\">\n<p>Received: March 19, 2026<br>Accepted:&nbsp;April 23, 2026<br>Publication Date:&nbsp;August 09, 2026<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-tkuwpbs5-bs5-column col-md-7 align-self-start clk=\u5716\u7247\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/jase\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/34_029.jpg\" class=\"img-fluid img-fluid mx-auto d-block\" alt=\"\u4e0a\u50b3\u5716\u7247\">\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">MG model for&nbsp;analysis&nbsp;of&nbsp;frequency&nbsp;stability<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><i class=\"fab fa-creative-commons\"><\/i>&nbsp;<strong>Copyright&nbsp;<\/strong>The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\">Creative Commons Attribution&nbsp;License (CC BY 4.0)<\/a>, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are cited.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Download Citation:\u00a0 <a href=\"\/jase\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/V34.0029.txt\" data-type=\"attachment\" data-id=\"9814\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">BibTeX <\/a>| <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.6180\/jase.202611_34.029\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.6180\/jase.202611_34.029<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"btn btn-primary article-btn\"><a href=\"\/jase\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/029_2026_0554_V34.pdf\" data-type=\"attachment\" data-id=\"9782\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Download PDF<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:24px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>The lightweighting problem in microgrid (MG) simulation models is first officially described in this paper as an optimisation assignment with the goal of minimising the disturbances to the microgrid frequency robustness. This paper formally presents the lightweighting problem in microgrid (MG) simulations as an optimization task aimed at minimizing frequency disturbances. We propose a Selfish Herd Optimization (SHO)-based technique and its FA-SHO enhancement, using group and predator parameters to model prey\u2013predator interactions. The algorithms optimize gain values and controllers to improve system robustness. Experimental results show that FA-SHO outperforms SHO, with faster convergence, lower error metrics, and better frequency response, while the SMC ensures strong dynamic stability and resilience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Keywords:&nbsp;microgrid, lightweight algorithm, selfish flock optimization, voltage stability control, SHO algorithm, FA-SHO algorithm<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:2rem\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-tkuwpbs5-bs5-div ref_ol\" data-aos=\"normal\">\n<ol>\n<li>[1] K.Han,K.Yang,andL.Yin,(2022)\u201cLightweight Actor Critic Generative Adversarial Networks for Real-Time Smart Generation Control of Microgrids&#8221; Applied Energy 317: 119163. DOI: 10.1016\/j.apenergy.2022.119163.<\/li>\n<li>[2] S. Lu and X. Li, (2021) \u201cQuantum-Resistant Lightweight Authentication and Key Agreement Protocol for Fog-Based Microgrids\u201d IEEE Access 9: 27588\u201327600. DOI: 10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3058180.<\/li>\n<li>[3] S. Leonori, A. Martino, F. M. F. Mascioli, and A. Rizzi, (2020) \u201cMicrogrid Energy Management Systems Design by Computational Intelligence Techniques\u201d Applied Energy 277: 115524. DOI: 10.1016\/j.apenergy.2020.115524.<\/li>\n<li>[4] C. Xia, W. Li, X. Chang, T. Yang, and A. Y. Zomaya, (2023) \u201cA Rank-Based Multiple-Choice Secretary Algorithm for Minimising Microgrid Operating Cost under Uncertainties\u201d Frontiers in Energy 17(2): 198\u2013210. DOI: 10.1007\/s11708-023-0874-8.<\/li>\n<li>[5] R. Kumar and N. <span class=\"citation-99 citation-end-99\">Sinha, (2021) \u201cVoltage Stability of Solar Dish-Stirling Based Autonomous DC Microgrid Using Grey Wolf Optimised FOPID-Controller\u201d International Journal of Sustainable Energy 40(5): 412\u2013429. DOI: 10.1080\/14786451.2020.18068<\/span>43.<\/li>\n<li>[6] M. Bhuyan, A. K. Barik, and D. C. Das, (2020) \u201cGOA Optimised Frequency Control of Solar-Thermal\/Sea-Wave\/Biodiesel Generator Based Interconnected Hybrid Microgrids with DC Link\u201d International Journal of Sustainable Energy 39(7): 615\u2013633. DOI: 10.1080\/14786451.2020.1741589.<\/li>\n<li>[7] M. Shehab, L. Abualigah, H. Al Hamad, H. Alabool, M. Alshinwan, and A. M. Khasawneh, (2020) \u201cMoth\u2013Flame Optimization Algorithm: Variants and Applications\u201d Neural Computing and Applications 32(14): 9859\u20139884. DOI: 10.1007\/s00521-019-04570-6.<\/li>\n<li>[8] N. V. Rajeesh Kumar, N. Jaya Lakshmi, B. Mallala, and V. Jadhav, (2023) \u201cSecure Trust Aware Multi-Objective Routing Protocol Based on Battle Competitive Swarm Optimization in IoT\u201d Artificial Intelligence Review 56(Suppl 2): 1685\u20131709. DOI: 10.1007\/s10462-023-10560-x.<\/li>\n<li>[9] J. Heidary, M. Gheisarnejad, H. Rastegar, and M. H. Khooban, (2022) \u201cSurvey on Microgrids Frequency Regulation: Modeling and Control Systems\u201d Electric Power Systems Research 213: 108719. DOI: 10.1016\/j.epsr.2022.108719.<\/li>\n<li>[10] C. Zhang, G. Shan, B. H. Roh, F. Zhu, and J. Jiang, (2026) \u201cFEI-Hi: Federated Edge Intelligence for Healthcare Informatics\u201d IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics 30(3): 1853\u20131866. DOI: 10.1109\/JBHI.2025.3588551.<\/li>\n<li>[11] C. Zhang, B. H. Roh, and G. Shan, (2024) \u201cFederated Anomaly Detection\u201d Proceedings of the 54th Annual IEEE\/IFIP International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks \u2013 Supplemental Volume (DSN-S): 148\u2013149.<\/li>\n<li>[12] N. K. Jena, S. Sahoo, B. K. Sahu, and K. B. Mohanty, (2021) \u201cFrequency Stability Analysis with Fuzzy Adaptive Selfish Herd Optimization Based Optimal Sliding Mode Controller for Microgrids\u201d International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems 22(5): 547\u2013568. DOI: 10.1515\/ijeeps-2021-0105.<\/li>\n<li>[13] A. Saha, P. Dash, N. R. Babu, T. Chiranjeevi, M. Dhananjaya, and \u0141. Knypi\u0144ski, (2022) \u201cDynamic Stability Evaluation of an Integrated Biodiesel-Geothermal Power Plant-Based Power System with Spotted Hyena Optimized Cascade Controller\u201d Sustainability 14(22): 14842. DOI: 10.3390\/su142214842.<\/li>\n<li>[14] A. Yimit, K. Iigura, and Y. Hagihara, (2020) \u201cRefined Selfish Herd Optimizer for Global Optimization Problems\u201d Expert Systems with Applications 139: 112838. DOI: 10.1016\/j.eswa.2019.112838.<\/li>\n<li>[15] D. W. Sankey, R. F. Storms, R. J. Musters, T. W. Russell, C. K. Hemelrijk, and S. J. Portugal, (2021) \u201cAbsence of \u2018Selfish Herd\u2019 Dynamics in Bird Flocks under Threat\u201d Current Biology 31(14): 3192\u20133198. DOI: 10.1016\/j.cub.2021.05.009.<\/li>\n<li>[16] R. Zhao, Y. Wang, G. Xiao, C. Liu, P. Hu, and H. Li, (2022) \u201cA Method of Path Planning for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Based on the Hybrid of Selfish Herd Optimizer and Particle Swarm Optimizer\u201d Applied Intelligence 52(14): 16775\u201316798. DOI: 10.1007\/s10489-021-02353-y.<\/li>\n<li>[17] G. G. Wang, C. L. Wei, Y. Wang, and W. Pedrycz, (2021) \u201cImproving Distributed Anti-Flocking Algorithm for Dynamic Coverage of Mobile Wireless Networks with Obstacle Avoidance\u201d Knowledge-Based Systems 225: 107133. DOI: 10.1016\/j.knosys.2021.107133.<\/li>\n<li>[18] A. Villal\u00f3n, M. Rivera, Y. Salgueiro, J. Mu\u00f1oz, T. Dragicevi\u0107, and F. Blaabjerg, (2020) \u201cPredictive Control for Microgrid Applications: A Review Study\u201d Energies 13(10): 2454. DOI: 10.3390\/en13102454.<\/li>\n<li>[19] R. Trivedi and S. Khadem, (2022) \u201cImplementation of Artificial Intelligence Techniques in Microgrid Control Environment: Current Progress and Future Scopes\u201d Energy and AI 8: 100147. DOI: 10.1016\/j.egyai.2022.100147.<\/li>\n<li>[20] S. P. Bihari, P. K. Sadhu, K. Sarita, B. Khan, L. D. Arya, R. K. Saket, and D. P. Kothari, (2021) \u201cA Comprehensive Review of Microgrid Control Mechanism and Impact Assessment for Hybrid Renewable Energy Integration\u201d IEEE Access 9: 88942\u201388958. DOI: 10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3090266.<\/li>\n<li>[21] J. Ali, R. H. Jhaveri, M. Alswailim, and B. H. Roh, (2023) \u201cESCALB: An Effective Slave Controller Allocation-Based Load Balancing Scheme for Multi-Domain SDN-Enabled IoT Networks\u201d Journal of King Saud University\u2013Computer and Information Sciences 35(6): 101566. DOI: 10.1016\/j.jksuci.2023.101566.<\/li>\n<li>[22] A. Dinesh and J. Rangaraj, (2025) \u201cAn Energy-Efficient Routing Protocol for Wireless Body Area Networks Using Hybrid Artificial Bee Colony Optimization and Chicken Swarm Optimization Algorithm\u201d Journal of Engineering and Applied Science 72(1): 45. DOI: 10.1186\/s44147-024-00533-4.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"template":"wp-custom-template-detail-4-aricles","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":""},"categories":[12,1682,6],"tags":[1711],"acf":[],"uagb_featured_image_src":[],"uagb_author_info":{"display_name":"\u6797\u923a\u6db5","author_link":"\/jase\/?author=3"},"uagb_comment_info":0,"uagb_excerpt":"&nbsp;Copyright&nbsp;The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the&nbsp;Creative Commons Attribution&nbsp;License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are cited. Download Citation:\u00a0 BibTeX | http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.6180\/jase.202611_34.029\u00a0\u00a0 Download PDF The lightweighting problem in microgrid (MG) simulation models is first officially&hellip;","_links":{"self":[{"href":"\/jase\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/tkuisotope\/9796"}],"collection":[{"href":"\/jase\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/tkuisotope"}],"about":[{"href":"\/jase\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/tkuisotope"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"\/jase\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"\/jase\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=9796"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"\/jase\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=9796"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"\/jase\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=9796"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}