{"id":6614,"date":"2026-08-16T20:45:15","date_gmt":"2026-08-16T12:45:15","guid":{"rendered":"\/jase\/?post_type=tkuisotope&#038;p=6614"},"modified":"2026-08-23T12:22:42","modified_gmt":"2026-08-23T04:22:42","slug":"low-cost-test-rig-for-aerodynamic-evaluation-of-ornithopters","status":"publish","type":"tkuisotope","link":"\/jase\/?tkuisotope=low-cost-test-rig-for-aerodynamic-evaluation-of-ornithopters","title":{"rendered":"Low-cost Test Rig for Aerodynamic Evaluation of Ornithopters"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-tkuwpbs5-bs5-row row article-info\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-tkuwpbs5-bs5-column col-md-3 align-self-start\">\n<p><i class=\"fa fa-folder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>&nbsp;<a href=\"\/jase\/?page_id=6588\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"807\">2018<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-tkuwpbs5-bs5-column col-md-3 align-self-start\">\n<p><i class=\"fa fa-folder-open\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>&nbsp;<a href=\"\/jase\/?page_id=6608\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"4630\">Volume 21, Issue 2<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-tkuwpbs5-bs5-column col-md-6 align-self-start\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-tkuwpbs5-bs5-div dv_publish\" data-aos=\"normal\"><div class=\"wp-block-post-date\"><time datetime=\"2026-08-16T20:45:15+08:00\">2026-08-16<\/time><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-tkuwpbs5-bs5-row row\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-tkuwpbs5-bs5-column col-md-5 align-self-start\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-tkuwpbs5-bs5-div au-ol\" data-aos=\"normal\">\n<p>Balasubramanian E<sup>1<\/sup><a href=\"mailto:esak.bala@gmail.com\"><i class=\"fa fa-envelope\"><\/i><\/a>, Sasitharan A<sup>2<\/sup>, Chandrasekhar U<sup>1<\/sup>, Karthik K<sup>3<\/sup> and Lung-Jieh Yang<sup>4<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:14px\"><sup>1<\/sup>Vel Tech University, Avadi, Chennai<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:14px\"><sup>2<\/sup>Bubblefly Technology Pvt Ltd, New Delhi<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:14px\"><sup>3<\/sup>Madras Institute of Technology, Chennai<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:14px\"><sup>4<\/sup>Department of Mechanical and Electromechanical Engineering, Tamkang University, Tamsui, Taiwan 251, R.O.C.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-tkuwpbs5-bs5-div\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\" data-aos=\"normal\">\n<p>Received:\u00a0October 17, 2017<br>Accepted:\u00a0February 27, 2018<br>Publication Date:\u00a0August 16, 2026<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-tkuwpbs5-bs5-column col-md-7 align-self-start clk=\u5716\u7247\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/jase\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/21_2_05.jpg\" class=\"img-fluid img-fluid mx-auto d-block\" alt=\"\u4e0a\u50b3\u5716\u7247\">\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center img_caption\">A solid bar and aerofoil section.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><i class=\"fab fa-creative-commons\"><\/i>&nbsp;<strong>Copyright&nbsp;<\/strong>The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\">Creative Commons Attribution&nbsp;License (CC BY 4.0)<\/a>, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are cited.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Download Citation:&nbsp; <a href=\"\/jase\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/V212.0005.bib\" data-type=\"attachment\" data-id=\"9966\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">BibTeX <\/a>| <a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.6180\/jase.201806_21(2).0005\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.6180\/jase.201806_21(2).0005<\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"btn btn-primary article-btn\"><a href=\"\/jase\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/05-10615_0254_V21i2.pdf\" data-type=\"attachment\" data-id=\"10008\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Download PDF<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:24px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Experimental assessment of lift and thrust forces of flapping wing micro aerial vehicles (FWMAVs) is of paramount interest to assess its pay load carrying capability. In this work, a simple and cost effective test bench is developed to measure the forces of ornithopter. Two compressive load cells are calibrated and assembled in an appropriate mode to capture the generated forces. A labview based graphical user interface is designed to acquire real time force data and thereby control the angle of attack of ornithopter. Through varying wind speeds, flapping frequencies and angle of attacks (AOA),<br>wind tunnel experiments are conducted for two ornithopters E-Bird and Golden Snitch, with wing spans of 27 cm and 21.5 cm respectively. Experimental results suggested that, E-Bird has attained maximum lift force of 28.7 g at 60 AOA and golden snitch has 13.5 g lift force at 35 AOA. The<br>developed compact test rig can measure the lift and thrust forces up to 200 grams with an accuracy 0.1 gram of FWMAVs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Keywords:\u00a0Ornithopter, Lift and Thrust Forces, Load Cells, Data Acquisition, Wind Tunnel, Graphical User Interface<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:2rem\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-tkuwpbs5-bs5-div ref_ol\" data-aos=\"normal\">\n<ol>\n<li>[1] Willmott, A. P. and Ellington, C. P., &#8220;The Mechanics of Flight in the Hawkmoth Manduca <span class=\"citation-6085\">Sexta. I. Kinematics of Hovering and Forward Flight,&#8221; <\/span><i data-path-to-node=\"4\" data-index-in-node=\"145\"><span class=\"citation-6085\">Journal of Experimental Biology<\/span><\/i><span class=\"citation-6085 citation-end-6085\">, Vol. 200, No. 21, pp. 2705\u20132722 (1997).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"citation-6084\">[2] Gerdes, J. W., Gupta, S. K. and Wilkerson, S. 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Download Citation:&nbsp; BibTeX | http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.6180\/jase.201806_21(2).0005&nbsp;&nbsp; Download PDF Experimental assessment of lift and thrust forces of flapping wing micro&hellip;","_links":{"self":[{"href":"\/jase\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/tkuisotope\/6614"}],"collection":[{"href":"\/jase\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/tkuisotope"}],"about":[{"href":"\/jase\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/tkuisotope"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"\/jase\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"\/jase\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=6614"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"\/jase\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=6614"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"\/jase\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=6614"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}