{"id":5696,"date":"2026-05-07T23:25:28","date_gmt":"2026-05-07T15:25:28","guid":{"rendered":"\/jase\/?post_type=tkuisotope&#038;p=5696"},"modified":"2026-06-30T22:40:41","modified_gmt":"2026-06-30T14:40:41","slug":"detecting-web-attacks-with-end-to-end-deep-learning","status":"publish","type":"tkuisotope","link":"\/jase\/?tkuisotope=detecting-web-attacks-with-end-to-end-deep-learning","title":{"rendered":"Detecting web attacks with end-to-end deep learning"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-tkuwpbs5-bs5-row row article-info\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-tkuwpbs5-bs5-column col-md-3 align-self-start\">\n<p><i class=\"fa fa-folder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>&nbsp;<a href=\"\/jase\/?page_id=5452\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"807\">2021<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-tkuwpbs5-bs5-column col-md-3 align-self-start\">\n<p><i class=\"fa fa-folder-open\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>&nbsp;<a href=\"\/jase\/?page_id=5681\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"4630\">Volume 24, Issue 6<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-tkuwpbs5-bs5-column col-md-6 align-self-start\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-tkuwpbs5-bs5-div dv_publish\" data-aos=\"normal\"><div class=\"wp-block-post-date\"><time datetime=\"2026-05-07T23:25:28+08:00\">2026-05-07<\/time><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-tkuwpbs5-bs5-row row\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-tkuwpbs5-bs5-column col-md-5 align-self-start\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-tkuwpbs5-bs5-div au-ol\" data-aos=\"normal\">\n<p>Muhammad Tayyab Naqash<sup>1<\/sup><a href=\"mailto:engr.tayyabnaqash@gmail.com\"><i class=\"fa fa-envelope\"><\/i><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:14px\"><sup>1<\/sup>Department of Civil Engineering, Islamic University in Madinah, Saudi Arabia<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-tkuwpbs5-bs5-div\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\" data-aos=\"normal\">\n<p>Received:\u00a0April 1, 2021<br>Accepted:\u00a0April 25, 2021<br>Publication Date:\u00a0May 7, 2026<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-tkuwpbs5-bs5-column col-md-7 align-self-start clk=\u5716\u7247\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/jase\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/24_6_12.jpg\" class=\"img-fluid img-fluid mx-auto d-block\" alt=\"\u4e0a\u50b3\u5716\u7247\">\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center img_caption\">Principle of capacity design.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><i class=\"fab fa-creative-commons\"><\/i>&nbsp;<strong>Copyright&nbsp;<\/strong>The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\">Creative Commons Attribution&nbsp;License (CC BY 4.0)<\/a>, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are cited.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Download Citation:&nbsp; <a href=\"\/jase\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/V266.0012.bib\" data-type=\"attachment\" data-id=\"4356\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">BibTeX <\/a>| <a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.6180\/jase.202112_24(6).0012\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.6180\/jase.202112_24(6).0012<\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"btn btn-primary article-btn\"><a href=\"\/jase\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/12_2021_0248_V24i6.pdf\" data-type=\"attachment\" data-id=\"6053\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Download PDF<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:24px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Modern seismic code relies on the capacity design approach to assure ductility. When the capacity design dictates, the frames are dimensioned for strength. Inadvertently, stiffness often presents itself as a dominating parameter in MRFs (Moment Resisting Frames), especially with strict drift limits. In this research, rigid steel moment-resisting frames have been designed as per Eurocodes provisions. Initially, the results obtained from modal analysis and nonlinear analyses are concisely elaborated in such a way to highlight the complexities of Eurocode 8 design procedures. Various parameters are assessed to evaluate their influences on high and medium ductility classes. A simplified predictive method is proposed through tables, graphs, and flowcharts. Several combinations are suggested where for an assumed ductility class, a specific drift limit is defined. The elastic overstrength, redundancy factor, and reserve overstrength factors are indicated with the confidence to allow an un-iterated design approach for steel moment-resisting frames designed with a pre-determined strategy for failure mechanisms by improving the design approach of Eurocode 8.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Keywords:\u00a0Damageability, Ductility, Drift limits, Eurocodes, Moment resisting frames, Seismic design, Capacity design<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:2rem\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-tkuwpbs5-bs5-div ref_ol\" data-aos=\"normal\">\n<ol>\n<li>[1] M. T. Naqash, G. De Matteis, and A. De Luca. \u201cEffects of Capacity Design Rules on Seismic Performance of Steel Moment Resisting Frames\u201d. In: 15th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering. Lisbon, 2012, 1\u201310.<\/li>\n<li>[2] M. T. Naqash, (2012) \u201cOptimum design of steel moment resisting frames&#8221;:<\/li>\n<li>[3] M. T. Naqash, A. Formisano, and G. De Matteis. \u201cAluminium framing members in facades\u201d. In: Key Engineering Materials. 710. 2016, 327\u2013332. DOI: 10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/KEM.710.327.<\/li>\n<li>[4] European Commitee for Standardization, (2004) \u201cEurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance &#8211; Part 1 : General rules, seismic actions and rules for buildings&#8221; European Committee for Standardization 1(English): 231.<\/li>\n<li>[5] Minimum design loads and associated criteria for buildings and other structures. 2017, 1\u2013889. DOI: 10.1061\/9780784414248.<\/li>\n<li>[6] E. I. Katsanos, A. G. Sextos, and A. S. Elnashai, (2014) \u201cPrediction of inelastic response periods of buildings based on intensity measures and analytical model parameters&#8221; Engineering Structures 71: 161\u2013177. DOI: 10.1016\/j.engstruct.2014.04.007.<\/li>\n<li>[7] M. T. Naqash. Study on the fundamental period of vibration of steel moment resisting frames. Tech. rep. 01. 2014, 2319\u20135347.<\/li>\n<li>[8] A. Gupta and H. Krawinkler, (2000) \u201cEstimation of seismic drift demands for frame structures&#8221; Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics 29(9): 1287\u20131305. DOI: 10.1002\/1096 &#8211; 9845(200009 )29:9&lt;1287:: AID-EQE971&gt;3.0.CO;2-B.<\/li>\n<li>[9] S.-Y. Yun, R. O. Hamburger, C. A. Cornell, and D. A. Foutch, (2002) \u201cSeismic Performance Evaluation for Steel Moment Frames&#8221; Journal of Structural Engineering 128(4): 534\u2013545. DOI: 10.1061\/(asce)0733-9445(2002)128:4(534).<\/li>\n<li>[10] D. A. Foutch and S. Y. Yun, (2002) \u201cModeling of steel moment frames for seismic loads&#8221; Journal of Constructional Steel Research 58(5-8): 529\u2013564. DOI: 10.1016\/S0143-974X(01)00078-5.<\/li>\n<li>[11] FEMA 356, (2000) \u201cFEMA 356 Prestandard&#8221; US Federal Emergency Management Agency, 2000. (November): 2\u201315.<\/li>\n<li>[12] S. Freeman. Prediction of response of concrete buildings to severe earthquake motion, Publication SP-55, American Concrete Institute, Detroit, MI, 589-605. Tech. rep. 1978.<\/li>\n<li>[13] P. Fajfar and M. Fischinger, (1988) \u201cN2- A Method For Non-linear Seismic Analysis of Regular Buildings&#8221;<br \/>Ninth World Conference on Earthquake Engineering: 111\u2013116.<\/li>\n<li>[14] P. Fajfar, (2000) \u201cA Nonlinear Analysis Method for Performance-Based Seismic Design&#8221; Earthquake Spectra 16(3): 573\u2013592. DOI: 10.1193\/1.1586128.<\/li>\n<li>[15] P. Fajfar, V. Kilar, D. Marusic, I. Perus, and G. Magliulo. \u201cThe extension of the N2 method to asymmetric buildings\u201d. In: Proceedings of the 4th European workshop on the seismic behaviour of irregular and complex structures. 41. 2005, 291\u2013308.<\/li>\n<li>[16] H. Krawinkler and G. D. Seneviratna, (1998) \u201cPros and cons of a pushover analysis of seismic performance evaluation&#8221; Engineering Structures 20(4-6): 452\u2013464. DOI: 10.1016\/S0141-0296(97)00092-8.<\/li>\n<li>[17] W. K. Tso and A. S. Moghadam, (1998) \u201cPushover procedure for seismic analysis of buildings&#8221; Progress in Structural Engineering and Materials 1(3): 337\u2013344. DOI: 10.1002\/pse.2260010317.<\/li>\n<li>[18] A. M. Mwafy and A. S. Elnashai, (2001) \u201cStatic pushover versus dynamic collapse analysis of RC buildings&#8221; Engineering Structures 23(5): 407\u2013424. DOI: 10.1016\/S0141-0296(00)00068-7.<\/li>\n<li>[19] F. M. Mazzolani and V. Piluso, (1997) \u201cPlastic design of seismic resistant steel frames&#8221; Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics 26(2): 167\u2013191. DOI: 10.1002\/ (SICI )1096 &#8211; 9845(199702 )26:2&lt;167::AID-EQE630&gt;3.0.CO;2-2.<\/li>\n<li>[20] V. Mohsenian and A. Mortezaei, (2019) \u201cNew proposed drift limit states for box-type structural systems considering local and global damage indices&#8221; Advances in Structural Engineering 22(15): 3352\u20133366. DOI: 10.1177\/1369433219863299.<\/li>\n<li>[21] A. L. Vidot-Vega and M. J. Kowalsky, (2013) \u201cDrift, strain limits and ductility demands for RC moment frames designed with displacement-based and force-based design methods&#8221; Engineering Structures 51: 128\u2013140. DOI: 10.1016\/j.engstruct.2013.01.004.<\/li>\n<li>[22] A. Sivandi-Pour, M. Gerami, and D. Khodayarnezhad, (2014) \u201cEquivalent modal damping ratios for non-classically damped hybrid steel concrete buildings with transitional storey&#8221; Structural Engineering and Mechanics 50(3): 383\u2013401. DOI: 10.12989\/sem.2014.50.3.383.<\/li>\n<li>[23] M. Gerami, Y. Sharbati, and A. Sivandi-Pour, (2013) \u201cNonlinear seismic vulnerability evaluation of irregular steel buildings with cumulative damage indices&#8221; International Journal of Advanced Structural Engineering 5(1): DOI: 10.1186\/2008-6695-5-9.<\/li>\n<li>[24] C. Aiello, N. Caterino, G. Maddaloni, A. Bonati, A. Franco, and A. Occhiuzzi, (2018) \u201cExperimental and numerical investigation of cyclic response of a glass curtain wall for seismic performance assessment&#8221; Construction and Building Materials 187: 596\u2013609. DOI: 10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.07.237.<\/li>\n<li>[25] M. T. Naqash, (2019) \u201cDesign and Fabrication of Aluminum Cladding and Curtain Wall of a Sports Club&#8221; Open Journal of Civil Engineering 09(01): 1\u201317. DOI: 10.4236\/ojce.2019.91001.<\/li>\n<li>[26] M. Umar, S. A. A. Shah, K. Shahzada, T. Naqash, and W. Ali, (2020) \u201cAssessment of seismic capacity for reinforced concrete frames with perforated unreinforced brick masonry infill wall&#8221; Civil Engineering Journal (Iran) 6(12): 2397\u20132415. DOI: 10.28991\/cej-2020-03091625.<\/li>\n<li>[27] EN 1993-1-1\/AC. Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures &#8211; Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings (corrigendum). 2009.<\/li>\n<li>[28] Computers and Structures INC. Structural Software for Analysis and Design | SAP2000. 2018.<\/li>\n<li>[29] M. T. Naqash, G. D. Matteis, and A. D. Luca, (2012) \u201cSeismic Design of Steel Moment Resisting FramesEuropean versus American Practice&#8221; NED University Journal of Research, Thematic issue on earthquake (November 2011):<\/li>\n<li>[30] S. A. A. Shah, M. A. A. Gul, T. Naqash, Z. Khan, and M. Rizwan, (2021) \u201cEffects of fiber reinforcements on the strength of shotcrete&#8221; Civil Engineering and Architecture 9(1): 176\u2013183. DOI: 10.13189\/cea.2021.090115.<\/li>\n<li>[31] M. T. Naqash, Q. U. Farooq, and O. Harireche, (2019) \u201cSeismic Evaluation of Steel Moment Resisting Frames (MRFs)\u2014Supported by Loose Granular Soil&#8221; Open Journal of Earthquake Research 08(02): 37\u201351. DOI: 10.4236\/ojer.2019.82003.<\/li>\n<li>[32] A. Y. Elghazouli, (2010) \u201cAssessment of European seismic design procedures for steel framed structures&#8221; Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 8(1): 65\u201389. DOI: 10.1007\/s10518-009-9125-6.<\/li>\n<li>[33] R. N. Patton, (1985) \u201cAnalysis and design methods&#8221; Bulletin of the New Zealand National Society for Earthquake Engineering:<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"template":"wp-custom-template-detail-4-aricles","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":""},"categories":[1073,6,1079],"tags":[1190],"acf":[],"uagb_featured_image_src":[],"uagb_author_info":{"display_name":"\u6797\u923a\u6db5","author_link":"\/jase\/?author=3"},"uagb_comment_info":0,"uagb_excerpt":"&nbsp;Copyright&nbsp;The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the&nbsp;Creative Commons Attribution&nbsp;License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are cited. Download Citation:&nbsp; BibTeX | http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.6180\/jase.202112_24(6).0012&nbsp;&nbsp; Download PDF Modern seismic code relies on the capacity design approach to assure&hellip;","_links":{"self":[{"href":"\/jase\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/tkuisotope\/5696"}],"collection":[{"href":"\/jase\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/tkuisotope"}],"about":[{"href":"\/jase\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/tkuisotope"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"\/jase\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"\/jase\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=5696"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"\/jase\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=5696"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"\/jase\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=5696"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}