{"id":3113,"date":"2026-04-09T23:49:01","date_gmt":"2026-04-09T15:49:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iweb20wp-b205b.url.tku.edu.tw\/jase\/?post_type=tkuisotope&#038;p=3113"},"modified":"2026-06-10T14:43:03","modified_gmt":"2026-06-10T06:43:03","slug":"edge-distributed-autonomous-control-of-massive-ac-dc-renewable-energy-cluster","status":"publish","type":"tkuisotope","link":"\/jase\/?tkuisotope=edge-distributed-autonomous-control-of-massive-ac-dc-renewable-energy-cluster","title":{"rendered":"Edge Distributed Autonomous Control of Massive AC\/DC Renewable Energy Cluster"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-tkuwpbs5-bs5-row row article-info\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-tkuwpbs5-bs5-column col-md-3 align-self-start\">\n<p><i class=\"fa fa-folder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>&nbsp;<a href=\"\/jase\/?page_id=2961\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"807\">2024<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-tkuwpbs5-bs5-column col-md-3 align-self-start\">\n<p><i class=\"fa fa-folder-open\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>&nbsp;<a href=\"\/jase\/?page_id=3069\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"1055\">Volume 27, Issue 3<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-tkuwpbs5-bs5-column col-md-6 align-self-start\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-tkuwpbs5-bs5-div dv_publish\" data-aos=\"normal\"><div class=\"wp-block-post-date\"><time datetime=\"2026-04-09T23:49:01+08:00\">2026-04-09<\/time><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-tkuwpbs5-bs5-row row\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-tkuwpbs5-bs5-column col-md-5 align-self-start\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-tkuwpbs5-bs5-div au-ol\" data-aos=\"normal\">\n<p>Junni Su<sup>1<\/sup>, Fengchao Chen<sup>1<\/sup>, Xin Zhang<sup>1<\/sup>, Lide Zhou<sup>1<\/sup>, Yipeng He<sup>1<\/sup>, and Hua Zheng<sup>2<\/sup><a href=\"mailto:hbdl_zhenghua@263.net\"><i class=\"fa fa-envelope\"><\/i><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:14px\"><sup>1<\/sup>Dongguan Power Supply Bureau of Guangdong Power Grid Co., Ltd<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:14px\"><sup>2<\/sup>School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102208, China<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-tkuwpbs5-bs5-div\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\" data-aos=\"normal\">\n<p>Received: November 29, 2022<br>Accepted:\u00a0April 15, 2023<br>Publication Date:\u00a0April 9, 2026<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-tkuwpbs5-bs5-column col-md-7 align-self-start clk=\u5716\u7247\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/jase\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/27_03_13.jpg\" class=\"img-fluid img-fluid mx-auto d-block\" alt=\"\u4e0a\u50b3\u5716\u7247\">\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center img_caption\">AC\/DC hybrid microgrid groups structure<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><i class=\"fab fa-creative-commons\"><\/i>&nbsp;<strong>Copyright&nbsp;<\/strong>The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\">Creative Commons Attribution&nbsp;License (CC BY 4.0)<\/a>, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are cited.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Download Citation:\u00a0 <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"\/jase\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/jase-202509-28-09-0006.pdf\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"\/jase\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/jase-202509-28-09-0006.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">BibTeX <\/a>| <a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.6180\/jase.202403_27(3).0013\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.6180\/jase.202403_27(3).0013<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"btn btn-primary article-btn\"><a href=\"\/jase\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/13_2022_1191_V27i3.pdf\" data-type=\"attachment\" data-id=\"3085\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Download PDF<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:24px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Microgrid and distributed generation are more and more widely used in power systems. In this background, a control strategy based on consistency is proposed in this paper, to improve the optimal regulation ability of the AC\/DC hybrid microgrid groups. The control strategy is divided into two levels: control strategy within a subnet and control between microgrid groups. At the level of subnet control, the power mapping factor and secondary adjustment term are introduced into the traditional droop control, to realize the autonomous and stable optimization in the island mode of a single sub microgrid. At the level of inter microgrid groups control strategy, the local control strategy of interlinking converter based on average power mapping factor is constructed, and the compensation term based on consistency is introduced to realize the power optimization operation between different microgrids jointly. Finally, the simulation model is established by Matlab\/Simulink to prove the effectiveness of the method.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Keywords:\u00a0AC\/DC hybrid microgrid groups, Power mapping factor, Distributed control, Optimized control<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:2rem\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-tkuwpbs5-bs5-div ref_ol\" data-aos=\"normal\">\n<ol>\n<li>[1] G. Weiss, Q.-C. Zhong, T. C. Green, and J. Liang, (2004) \u201cH\/sup\/spl infin\/\/repetitive control of DC-AC converters in microgrids&#8221; IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics 19(1): 219\u2013230. DOI: 10.1109\/TPEL.2003.820561.<\/li>\n<li>[2] J. P. Lopes, C. L. Moreira, and A. Madureira, (2006) \u201cDefining control strategies for microgrids islanded operation&#8221; IEEE Transactions on power systems 21(2): 916\u2013924. DOI: 10.1109\/TPWRS.2006.873018.<\/li>\n<li>[3] S. Zuo, A. Davoudi, Y. Song, and F. L. Lewis, (2016) \u201cDistributed finite-time voltage and frequency restoration in islanded AC microgrids&#8221; IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 63(10): 5988\u20135997. DOI: 10.1109\/TIE.2016.2577542.<\/li>\n<li>[4] Q. Cao and W. Xie, (2020) \u201cOptimal Frequency Control for Inverter-Based Micro-Grids Using Distributed FiniteTime Consensus Algorithms&#8221; IEEE Access 8: 185243\u2013185252. DOI: 10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3030026.<\/li>\n<li>[5] A. Bidram and A. Davoudi, (2012) \u201cHierarchical structure of microgrids control system&#8221; IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 3(4): 1963\u20131976. DOI: 10.1109\/TSG.2012.2197425.<\/li>\n<li>[6] J. M. Guerrero, J. C. Vasquez, J. Matas, L. G. De Vicu\u00f1a, and M. Castilla, (2010) \u201cHierarchical control of droop-controlled AC and DC microgrids\u2014A general ap-proach toward standardization&#8221; IEEE Transactions on industrial electronics 58(1): 158\u2013172. DOI: 10.1109\/TIE.2010.2066534.<\/li>\n<li>[7] J. W. Simpson-Porco, F. D\u00f6rfler, and F. Bullo, (2013) \u201cSynchronization and power sharing for droop-controlled inverters in islanded microgrids&#8221; Automatica 49(9): 2603\u20132611.<\/li>\n<li>[8] Y. Xu and H. Sun, (2017) \u201cDistributed finite-time convergence control of an islanded low-voltage AC microgrid&#8221; IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 33(3): 2339\u20132348. DOI: doi={10.1109\/TPWRS.2017.2743011}.<\/li>\n<li>[9] M. Shi, X. Chen, J. Zhou, Y. Chen, J. Wen, and H. He, (2019) \u201cPI-consensus based distributed control of AC microgrids&#8221; IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 35(3): 2268\u20132278. DOI: 10.1109\/TPWRS.2019.2950629.<\/li>\n<li>[10] A. Shyam, S. Anand, and S. R. Sahoo, (2020) \u201cEffect of communication delay on consensus-based secondary controllers in DC microgrid&#8221; IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 68(4): 3202\u20133212. DOI: 10.1109\/TIE.2020.2978719.<\/li>\n<li>[11] Z. Wang, W. Wu, and B. Zhang, (2015) \u201cA fully distributed power dispatch method for fast frequency recovery and minimal generation cost in autonomous microgrids&#8221; IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 7(1): 19\u201331. DOI: 10.1109\/TSG.2015.2493638.<\/li>\n<li>[12] M. A. Shahab, B. Mozafari, S. Soleymani, N. M. Dehkordi, H. M. Shourkaei, and J. M. Guerrero, (2019) \u201cStochastic Consensus-Based Control of muGs With Communication Delays and Noises&#8221; IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 34(5): 3573\u20133581. DOI: 10.1109\/TPWRS.2019.2905433.<\/li>\n<li>[13] Q. Li, D. W. Gao, H. Zhang, Z. Wu, and F.-Y. Wang, (2017) \u201cConsensus-based distributed economic dispatch control method in power systems&#8221; IEEE transactions on smart grid 10(1): 941\u2013954. DOI: 10.1109\/TSG.2017.2756041.<\/li>\n<li>[14] X. Shen, H. Wang, D. Zhang, J. Li, R. Wang, and Q. Su, (2020) \u201cDistributed finite-time secondary voltage restoration of droop-controlled islanded microgrids&#8221; IEEE Access 8: 118183\u2013118191. DOI: 10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3004340.<\/li>\n<li>[15] M. A. Shahab, B. Mozafari, S. Soleymani, N. M. Dehkordi, H. M. Shourkaei, and J. M. Guerrero, (2019) \u201cDistributed consensus-based fault tolerant control of islanded microgrids&#8221; IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 11(1): 37\u201347. DOI: 10.1109\/TSG.2019.2916727.<\/li>\n<li>[16] H. Yu, S. Niu, Z. Shao, and L. Jian, (2022) \u201cA scalable and reconfigurable hybrid AC\/DC microgrid clustering architecture with decentralized control for coordinated operation&#8221; International Journal of Electrical Power &amp; Energy Systems 135: 107476.<\/li>\n<li>[17] Y. Zheng, S. Niu, Y. Shang, Z. Shao, and L. Jian, (2019) \u201cIntegrating plug-in electric vehicles into power grids: A comprehensive review on power interaction mode, scheduling methodology and mathematical foundation&#8221; Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 112: 424\u2013439.<\/li>\n<li>[18] H. Yu, S. Niu, Y. Zhang, and L. Jian, (2020) \u201cAn integrated and reconfigurable hybrid AC\/DC microgrid architecture with autonomous power flow control for nearly\/net zero energy buildings&#8221; Applied Energy 263: 114610.<\/li>\n<li>[19] Y. Zheng, Z. Shao, and L. Jian, (2021) \u201cThe peak load shaving assessment of developing a user-oriented vehicleto-grid scheme with multiple operation modes: The case study of Shenzhen, China&#8221; Sustainable Cities and Society 67: 102744.<\/li>\n<li>[20] F. D\u00f6rfler, J. W. Simpson-Porco, and F. Bullo, (2015) \u201cBreaking the hierarchy: Distributed control and economic optimality in microgrids&#8221; IEEE Transactions on Control of Network Systems 3(3): 241\u2013253.<\/li>\n<li>[21] H.-J. Yoo, T.-T. Nguyen, and H.-M. Kim, (2019) \u201cConsensus-based distributed coordination control of hybrid AC\/DC microgrids&#8221; IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy 11(2): 629\u2013639.<\/li>\n<li>[22] P. Lin, C. Jin, J. Xiao, X. Li, D. Shi, Y. Tang, and P. Wang, (2018) \u201cA distributed control architecture for global system economic operation in autonomous hybrid<br \/>AC\/DC microgrids&#8221; IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 10(3): 2603\u20132617. DOI: 10.1109\/TSG.2018.2805839.<\/li>\n<li>[23] J. Zhou, H. Zhang, Q. Sun, D. Ma, and B. Huang, (2017) \u201cEvent-based distributed active power sharing control for interconnected AC and DC microgrids&#8221; IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 9(6): 6815\u20136828. DOI: doi={10.1109\/TSG.2017.2724062}.<\/li>\n<li>[24] J. Yang, J. Hou, Y. Liu, and H. Zhang, (2021) \u201cDistributed cooperative control method and application in power system&#8221; Trans. China Electrotech. Soc 36: 4035\u2013<br \/>4049.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"template":"wp-custom-template-detail-4-aricles","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":""},"categories":[10,6,517],"tags":[569],"acf":[],"uagb_featured_image_src":[],"uagb_author_info":{"display_name":"\u6797\u923a\u6db5","author_link":"\/jase\/?author=3"},"uagb_comment_info":0,"uagb_excerpt":"&nbsp;Copyright&nbsp;The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the&nbsp;Creative Commons Attribution&nbsp;License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are cited. Download Citation:\u00a0 BibTeX | http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.6180\/jase.202403_27(3).0013\u00a0\u00a0 Download PDF Microgrid and distributed generation are more and more widely used in&hellip;","_links":{"self":[{"href":"\/jase\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/tkuisotope\/3113"}],"collection":[{"href":"\/jase\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/tkuisotope"}],"about":[{"href":"\/jase\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/tkuisotope"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"\/jase\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"\/jase\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3113"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"\/jase\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=3113"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"\/jase\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=3113"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}