{"id":2178,"date":"2026-04-03T15:28:14","date_gmt":"2026-04-03T07:28:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iweb20wp-b205b.url.tku.edu.tw\/jase\/?post_type=tkuisotope&#038;p=2178"},"modified":"2026-05-24T13:58:36","modified_gmt":"2026-05-24T05:58:36","slug":"quantum-similarity-an-enhanced-framework-using-aug-weighting-technique","status":"publish","type":"tkuisotope","link":"\/jase\/?tkuisotope=quantum-similarity-an-enhanced-framework-using-aug-weighting-technique","title":{"rendered":"Quantum similarity: An Enhanced Framework using AUG Weighting Technique"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-tkuwpbs5-bs5-row row article-info\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-tkuwpbs5-bs5-column col-md-3 align-self-start\">\n<p><i class=\"fa fa-folder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>&nbsp;<a href=\"\/jase\/?page_id=2115\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"807\">2025<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-tkuwpbs5-bs5-column col-md-3 align-self-start\">\n<p><i class=\"fa fa-folder-open\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>&nbsp;<a href=\"\/jase\/?page_id=2117\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"1055\">Volume 28, Issue 1<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-tkuwpbs5-bs5-column col-md-6 align-self-start\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-tkuwpbs5-bs5-div dv_publish\" data-aos=\"normal\"><div class=\"wp-block-post-date\"><time datetime=\"2026-04-03T15:28:14+08:00\">2026-04-03<\/time><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-tkuwpbs5-bs5-row row\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-tkuwpbs5-bs5-column col-md-5 align-self-start\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-tkuwpbs5-bs5-div au-ol\" data-aos=\"normal\">\n<p>Mohammed Mumtaz Al-Dabbagh<a href=\"mailto:mohamad.aldabagh@tiu.edu.iq\"><i class=\"fa fa-envelope\"><\/i><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:14px\">Computer Engineering Department, Tishk International University, Erbil, Iraq<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-tkuwpbs5-bs5-div\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\" data-aos=\"normal\">\n<p>Received:&nbsp;December 7, 2023<br>Accepted:&nbsp;February 23, 2024<br>Publication Date:&nbsp;April 3, 2026<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-tkuwpbs5-bs5-column col-md-7 align-self-start clk=\u5716\u7247\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/jase\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/28_01_18.jpg\" class=\"img-fluid img-fluid mx-auto d-block\" alt=\"\u4e0a\u50b3\u5716\u7247\">\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">Comparative Analysis of Mean Recall and Best Recall Instances for Top 1% and 5% for MDDR-DS1 Dataset<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><i class=\"fab fa-creative-commons\"><\/i>&nbsp;<strong>Copyright&nbsp;<\/strong>The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\">Creative Commons Attribution&nbsp;License (CC BY 4.0)<\/a>, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are cited.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Download Citation:\u00a0 <a href=\"\/jase\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/V281.0018.bib\" data-type=\"attachment\" data-id=\"7157\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">BibTeX <\/a>| <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.6180\/jase.202501_28(1).0018\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.6180\/jase.202501_28(1).0018<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"btn btn-primary article-btn\"><a href=\"\/jase\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/18_2023_1431_V28i1.pdf\" data-type=\"attachment\" data-id=\"2148\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Download PDF<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:24px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>In drug discovery, Virtual Screening (VS) encompasses the computational endeavor to unearth novel lead compounds via molecular similarity analysis. Amongst the array of techniques for ligand-based virtual screening (LBVS), similarity searching emerges as a quintessential and widely-adopted method. A prevailing assumption in many similarity search strategies posits that molecular structural features, irrespective of their biological activity, hold comparable importance. This paper delves into the AUG weighting scheme, aiming to bolster the application of quantum theory in LBVS, culminating in the formulation of a novel quantum-based similarity approach termed the QM-AUG method. Within the domain of molecular structure representation, the role of mathematical quantum space in enhancing the potency of the similarity method cannot be understated. The AUG weighting technique scrutinizes the potential consequences of adjusting weights allotted to chemical fragments, with the overarching objective of refining the quantum model\u2019s efficiency in LBVS. Methodological robustness was gauged through the recall metrics of extracted active molecules, notably within the top 1% and 5% echelons. Furthermore, comprehensive experimental evaluations using authentic datasets, specifically the MDL Drug Data Report (MDDR) and Maximum Unbiased Validation (MUV), indicate that the proposed method surpasses the performance seen with its implementation in the Bayesian Inference Network and the conventional Taninmoto coefficient.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Keywords:&nbsp;ligand-based; Virtual screening; Quantum-based similarity; Similarity searching method; Quantum Weighting Scheme; AUG Weighting Technique<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:2rem\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-tkuwpbs5-bs5-div ref_ol\" data-aos=\"normal\">\n<ol>\n<li>[1] P. Willett, (2009) \u201cSimilarity methods in chemoinformatics&#8221; Annual Review of Information Science and Technology 43(1): 1\u2013117. DOI: 10.1002\/aris.2009.1440430108.<\/li>\n<li>[2] R. P. Sheridan, (2007) \u201cChemical similarity searches: when is complexity justified?&#8221; Expert opinion on drug discovery 2(4): 423\u2013430.<\/li>\n<li>[3] L. Y. E. Ekaney, D. B. Eni, and F. Ntie-Kang, (2021) \u201cChemical similarity methods for analyzing secondary metabolite structures&#8221; Physical Sciences Reviews 6: 247\u2013264. DOI: 10.1515\/psr-2018-0129.<\/li>\n<li>[4] M. A. Johnson and G. M. Maggiora, (1990) \u201cConcepts and applications of molecular similarity&#8221; John Wiley Sons: New York,NY,USA:<\/li>\n<li>[5] S.-Q. Yang, Q. Ye, J.-J. Ding, M.-Z. Yin, A.-P. Lu, X. Chen, T.-J. Hou, and D.-S. Cao, (2021) \u201cCurrent advances in ligand-based target prediction&#8221; Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Computational Molecular Science 11(3): e1504.<\/li>\n<li>[6] A. Bender, H. Y. Mussa, R. C. Glen, and S. Reiling, (2004) \u201cMolecular Similarity Searching Using Atom Environments, Information-Based Feature Selection, and a Na\u00efve Bayesian Classifier&#8221; Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences 44(1): DOI: 10.1021\/ci034207y.<\/li>\n<li>[7] A. Maldonado, J. P. Doucet, M. Petitjean, and B.-T. Fan, (2006) \u201cMolecular similarity and diversity in chemoinformatics: From theory to applications&#8221; Molecular Diversity 10(1): 39\u201379. DOI: 10.1007\/s11030-006-8697-1.<\/li>\n<li>[8] A. Abdo and M. Pupin, (2021) \u201cLINGO-DL: a textbased approach for molecular similarity searching&#8221; Journal of Computer Aided Molecular Design 35(5): DOI: 10.1007\/s10822-021-00383-9.<\/li>\n<li>[9] G. Maggiora, M. Vogt, D. Stumpfe, and J. Bajorath, (2014) \u201cMolecular similarity in medicinal chemistry&#8221; J Med Chem 57: DOI: 10.1021\/jm401411z.<\/li>\n<li>[10] A. Abdo, B. Chen, C. Mueller, N. Salim, and P. Willett, (2010) \u201cLigand-Based Virtual Screening Using Bayesian Networks&#8221; Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling 50(6): 1012\u20131020. DOI: 10.1021\/ci100090p.<\/li>\n<li>[11] M. M. Al-Dabbagh, N. Salim, M. Himmat, A. Ahmed, and F. Saeed, (2015) \u201cA quantum-based similarity method in virtual screening&#8221; Molecules 20(10): 18107\u201318127. DOI: 10.3390\/molecules201018107.<\/li>\n<li>[12] P. Willett, (2006) \u201cEnhancing the Effectiveness of LigandBased Virtual Screening Using Data Fusion&#8221; QSAR Combinatorial Science 25(12): 1143\u20131152. DOI: 10.1002\/qsar.200610084.<\/li>\n<li>[13] J. Hert, P. Willett, D. J. Wilton, P. Acklin, K. Azzaoui, E. Jacoby, and A. Schuffenhauer, (2005) \u201cEnhancing the effectiveness of similarity-based virtual screening using nearest-neighbor information&#8221; Journal of medicinal chemistry 48(22): 7049\u20137054.<\/li>\n<li>[14] A. Ahmed, A. Abdo, and N. Salim, (2012) \u201cLigandbased Virtual screening using Bayesian inference network and reweighted fragments&#8221; The Scientific World Journal:<\/li>\n<li>[15] M. Nasser, N. Salim, H. Hamza, F. Saeed, and I. Rabiu, (2020) \u201cFeatures Reweighting and Selection in ligand-based Virtual Screening for Molecular Similarity Searching Based on Deep Belief Networks&#8221; Advances in Data Science and Adaptive Analysis 12(03n04): 2050009\u20132050009. DOI: 10.1142\/s2424922x20500096.<\/li>\n<li>[16] R. Todeschini, V. Consonni, H. Xiang, J. Holliday, M. Buscema, and P. Willett, (2012) \u201cSimilarity Coefficients for Binary Chemoinformatics Data: Overview and Extended Comparison Using Simulated and Real Data Sets&#8221; Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling 52(11): 2884\u20132901. DOI: 10.1021\/ci300261r.<\/li>\n<li>[17] P. Willett, (2000) \u201cTextual and chemical information processing: different domains but similar algorithms&#8221; Information Research 5(2):<\/li>\n<li>[18] S. M. Arif, J. D. Holliday, and P. Willett. \u201cThe Use of Weighted 2D Fingerprints in Similarity-Based Virtual Screening\u201d. In: Advances in Mathematical Chemistry and Applications: Revised Edition. 1. Elsevier Inc., 2015, 92\u2013112. DOI: 10.1016\/B978-1-68108-198-4.50005-9.<\/li>\n<li>[19] P. Willett and V. Winterman, (1986) \u201cA Comparison of Some Measures for the Determination of Inter-Molecular Structural Similarity Measures of Inter-Molecular Structural Similarity&#8221; Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships 5(1): 18\u201325.<\/li>\n<li>[20] T. E. Moock, D. L. Grier, W. D. Hounshell, G. Grethe, K. Cronin, J. G. Nourse, and J. Theodosiou, (1988) \u201cSimilarity searching in the organic reaction domain&#8221; Tetrahedron Computer Methodology 1(2): 117\u2013128.<\/li>\n<li>[21] A. Abdo and N. 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Methods in Molecular Biology\u2122. Humana Press, 2004. Chap. 1, 1\u201350. DOI: 10.1385\/1-59259-802-1:001.<\/li>\n<li>[26] C. J. v. Rijsbergen. The Geometry of Information Retrieval. UK: Cambridge University Press, 2004.<\/li>\n<li>[27] M. Melucci and K. van Rijsbergen. \u201cQuantum mechanics and information retrieval\u201d. In: Advanced topics in information retrieval. Germany: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011, 125\u2013155.<\/li>\n<li>[28] G. Salton and C. Buckley, (1988) \u201cTerm-weighting approaches in automatic text retrieval&#8221; Information processing management 24(5): 513\u2013523.<\/li>\n<li>[29] P. A. M. Dirac. The principles of quantum mechanics. Oxford university press, 1981.<\/li>\n<li>[30] MDL Drug Data Report (MDDR). Web Page.<\/li>\n<li>[31] S. G. Rohrer and K. Baumann, (2009) \u201cMaximum unbiased validation (MUV) data sets for virtual screening based on PubChem bioactivity data&#8221; Journal of chemical information and modeling 49(2): 169\u2013184.<\/li>\n<li>[32] Pipeline Pilot Software : SciTegic Accelrys Inc. Computer Program.<\/li>\n<li>[33] P. Legendre, (2005) \u201cSpecies associations: the Kendall coefficient of concordance revisited&#8221; Journal of agricultural, biological, and environmental statistics 10(2): 226\u2013245.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"template":"wp-custom-template-detail-4-aricles","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":""},"categories":[9,6,14],"tags":[292],"acf":[],"uagb_featured_image_src":[],"uagb_author_info":{"display_name":"\u6797\u923a\u6db5","author_link":"\/jase\/?author=3"},"uagb_comment_info":0,"uagb_excerpt":"&nbsp;Copyright&nbsp;The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the&nbsp;Creative Commons Attribution&nbsp;License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are cited. Download Citation:\u00a0 BibTeX | http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.6180\/jase.202501_28(1).0018\u00a0\u00a0 Download PDF In drug discovery, Virtual Screening (VS) encompasses the computational endeavor to&hellip;","_links":{"self":[{"href":"\/jase\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/tkuisotope\/2178"}],"collection":[{"href":"\/jase\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/tkuisotope"}],"about":[{"href":"\/jase\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/tkuisotope"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"\/jase\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"\/jase\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2178"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"\/jase\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2178"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"\/jase\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2178"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}