{"id":1088,"date":"2026-03-15T14:26:49","date_gmt":"2026-03-15T06:26:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iweb20wp-b205b.url.tku.edu.tw\/jase\/?post_type=tkuisotope&#038;p=1088"},"modified":"2026-04-09T21:36:07","modified_gmt":"2026-04-09T13:36:07","slug":"secure-and-distributed-edge-intelligence-for-consumer-grade-smart-agriculture","status":"publish","type":"tkuisotope","link":"\/jase\/?tkuisotope=secure-and-distributed-edge-intelligence-for-consumer-grade-smart-agriculture","title":{"rendered":"Secure and Distributed Edge Intelligence for Consumer- Grade Smart Agriculture"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-tkuwpbs5-bs5-row row article-info\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-tkuwpbs5-bs5-column col-md-3 align-self-start\">\n<p><i class=\"fa fa-folder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>&nbsp;<a href=\"\/jase\/?page_id=807\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"807\">2026<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-tkuwpbs5-bs5-column col-md-3 align-self-start\">\n<p><i class=\"fa fa-folder-open\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>&nbsp;<a href=\"\/jase\/?page_id=1055\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"1055\">Volume 31<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-tkuwpbs5-bs5-column col-md-6 align-self-start\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-tkuwpbs5-bs5-div dv_publish\" data-aos=\"normal\"><div class=\"wp-block-post-date\"><time datetime=\"2026-03-15T14:26:49+08:00\">2026-03-15<\/time><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-tkuwpbs5-bs5-row row\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-tkuwpbs5-bs5-column col-md-5 align-self-start\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-tkuwpbs5-bs5-div au-ol\" data-aos=\"normal\">\n<p>Jiangtao Deng<sup>1,2<\/sup>, Shuya Zhao<sup>3<\/sup>, Jijing Cai<sup>3<\/sup>, Yuchao Xia<sup>3<\/sup>, Meilei Lv<sup>2<\/sup><a href=\"mailto:37014@qzc.edu.cn,\"><i class=\"fa fa-envelope\"><\/i><\/a>, Kai Fang<sup>3<\/sup><a href=\"mailto:Kaifang@zafu.edu.cn\"><i class=\"fa fa-envelope\"><\/i><\/a>, Hailin Feng<sup>3<\/sup>, and Thippa Reddy Gadekallu<sup>3,4<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:14px\"><sup>1<\/sup>College of Automation, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:14px\"><sup>2<\/sup>College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Quzhou University, Quzhou, China<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:14px\"><sup>3<\/sup>College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Zhejiang A&amp;F University, Hangzhou, China<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:14px\"><sup>4<\/sup>Division of Research and Development, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-tkuwpbs5-bs5-div\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\" data-aos=\"normal\">\n<p>Received:\u00a0December 23, 2025<br>Accepted:\u00a0January 26, 2026<br>Publication Date:\u00a0March 15, 2026<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-tkuwpbs5-bs5-column col-md-7 align-self-start clk=\u5716\u7247\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/jase\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/31_033.jpg\" class=\"img-fluid img-fluid mx-auto d-block\" alt=\"\u4e0a\u50b3\u5716\u7247\">\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">A layered view of the Agri-AIoT cybersecurity landscape, mapping prominent threats to their targeted system components and corresponding defensive strategies discussed in this paper.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><i class=\"fab fa-creative-commons\"><\/i>&nbsp;<strong>Copyright&nbsp;<\/strong>The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\">Creative Commons Attribution&nbsp;License (CC BY 4.0)<\/a>, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are cited.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Download Citation:&nbsp; <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"\/jase\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/jase-202509-28-09-0006.pdf\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"\/jase\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/jase-202509-28-09-0006.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">BibTeX <\/a>| <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6180\/jase.202608_31.033\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6180\/jase.202608_31.033<\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"btn btn-primary article-btn\"><a href=\"\/jase\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/033_2025_2107_V31.pdf\" data-type=\"attachment\" data-id=\"1153\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Download PDF<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:24px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Consumer-grade Agricultural AIoT (Agri-AIoT) systems increasingly rely on cloud-based intelligence, which introduces latency, privacy, and connectivity limitations. These limitations are particularly severe for hetero geneous consumer devices operating under strict cost, energy, and computational constraints. This review advocates a shift from cloud-centric architectures toward distributed, edge-centric intelligence. We examine lightweight model compression techniques, including pruning, quantization, and knowledge distillation, that enable real-time and on-device decision-making. We further analyze security threats such as data poisoning and adversarial attacks that arise in decentralized agricultural systems. Privacy-preserving learning mechanisms, including Federated Learning, are discussed as key enablers of collaborative intelligence without raw data sharing. By integrating lightweight Artificial Intelligence techniques with AI-native networking principles, this paper provides a unified perspective on distributed intelligence in consumer Agri-AIoT ecosystems. We conclude that the convergence of these approaches is essential for building sustainable, secure, and self-adaptive consumer-grade agricultural electronics.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Keywords:\u00a0AI-Native Networking; Resource-Constrained Devices; Agri-AIoT; Lightweight AI<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:2rem\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-tkuwpbs5-bs5-div ref_ol\" data-aos=\"normal\">\n<ol>\n<li>[1] C. Zhao, J. Li, and X. Feng, (2021) &#8220;Development Strategy of Smart Agriculture for 2035 in China&#8221; Strategic Study of Chinese Academy of Engineering 23: 1\u20139.<\/li>\n<li>[2] M. S. Farooq, S. Riaz, A. Abid, T. Umer, and Y. B. Zikria, (2020) &#8220;Role of IoT technology in agriculture: A systematic literature review&#8221; Electronics 9(2): 319. DOI: 10.3390\/electronics9020319.<\/li>\n<li>[3] V. K. Quy, N. V. Hau, D. V. Anh, N. M. Quy, N. T. Ban, S. Lanza, G. Randazzo, and A. Muzirafuti, (2022) &#8220;IoT-enabled smart agriculture: architecture, applications, and challenges&#8221; Applied Sciences 12(7): 3396. DOI: 10.3390\/app12073396.<\/li>\n<li>[4] B. Swaminathan, S. Palani, S. Vairavasundaram, K. Kotecha, and V. Kumar, (2023) &#8220;IoT-Driven Artificial Intelligence Technique for Fertilizer Recommendation Model&#8221; IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine 12(2): 109\u2013117. DOI: 10.1109\/MCE.2022.3151325.<\/li>\n<li>[5] D. Muhammed, E. Ahvar, S. Ahvar, M. Trocan, M.-J. Montpetit, and R. Ehsani, (2024) &#8220;Artificial Intelligence of Things (AIoT) for smart agriculture: A review of architectures, technologies and solutions&#8221; Journal of Network and Computer Applications 228: 103905. DOI: 10.1016\/j.jnca.2024.103905.<\/li>\n<li>[6] L.-B. Chen, X.-R. Huang, G.-Z. Huang, and S.-Y. Kuo, (2025) &#8220;An Orchid Classification Scheme Using Deep Learning for Automated Packaging in Production Lines&#8221; IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine 14(1): 65\u201376. DOI: 10.1109\/MCE.2024.3434910.<\/li>\n<li>[7] R. Dembani, I. Karvelas, N. A. Akbar, S. Rizou, D. Tegolo, and S. Fountas, (2025) &#8220;Agricultural data privacy and federated learning: A review of challenges and opportunities&#8221; Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 232: 110048. DOI: 10.1016\/j.compag.2025.110048.<\/li>\n<li>[8] I. Sharma and V. Khullar, (2025) &#8220;Blockchain-enabled federated learning-based privacy preservation framework for secure IoT in precision agriculture&#8221; Journal of Industrial Information Integration 44: 100765. DOI: 10.1016\/j.jii.2024.100765.<\/li>\n<li>[9] Q. Ding, X. Yue, Q. Zhang, Z. Xiong, J. Chang, and H. Zheng, (2024) &#8220;Bc2FL: Double-Layer Blockchain-Driven Federated Learning Framework for Agricultural IoT&#8221; IEEE Internet of Things Journal: DOI: 10.1109\/JIOT.2024.3485208.<\/li>\n<li>[10] D. Das, V. Udutalapally, and S. P. Mohanty, (2021) &#8220;Consumer Technologies for Smart Agriculture&#8221; IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine 10(4): 49\u201350.<\/li>\n<li>[11] X. Yi, Z. Zheng, P. Wu, T. R. Gadekallu, and K. Fang, (2025) &#8220;Multi-Scale Tea Bud Grading Detection in Complex Tea Garden Scenes Based on a GenAI Training Framework&#8221; Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 239: 111032. DOI: 10.1016\/j.compag.2025.111032.<\/li>\n<li>[12] M. Varol and M. \u0130skefiyeli, (2025) &#8220;A low cost compact network TAP device with Raspberry Pi 4&#8221; Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal 70: 102118. DOI: 10.1016\/j.jestch.2025.102118.<\/li>\n<li>[13] S. Li, Z. Yuan, R. Peng, D. Leybourne, Q. Xue, Y. Li, and P. Yang, (2024) &#8220;An effective farmer-centred mobile intelligence solution using lightweight deep learning for integrated wheat pest management&#8221; Journal of Industrial Information Integration 42: 100705. DOI: 10.1016\/j.jii.2024.100705.<\/li>\n<li>[14] P. Yu, F. Teng, W. Zhu, C. Shen, Z. Chen, and J. Song, (2025) &#8220;Cloud\u2013edge\u2013device collaborative computing in smart agriculture: Architectures, applications, and future perspectives&#8221; Frontiers in Plant Science 16: 1668545.<\/li>\n<li>[15] A. Durrant, M. Markovic, D. Matthews, D. May, J. Enright, and G. Leontidis, (2022) &#8220;The role of cross-silo federated learning in facilitating data sharing in the agrifood sector&#8221; Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 193: 106648. DOI: 10.1016\/j.compag.2021.106648.<\/li>\n<li>[16] M. Aggarwal, V. Khullar, N. Goyal, and T. A. Prola, (2024) &#8220;Resource-efficient federated learning over IoAT for rice leaf disease classification&#8221; Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 221: 109001. DOI: 10.1016\/j.compag.2024.109001.<\/li>\n<li>[17] M. Chen, N. Shlezinger, H. V. Poor, Y. C. Eldar, and S. Cui, (2021) &#8220;Communication-efficient federated learning&#8221; Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118(17): e2024789118. DOI: 10.1073\/pnas.2024789118.<\/li>\n<li>[18] M. Campoverde-Molina and S. Luj\u00e1n-Mora, (2025) &#8220;Cybersecurity in smart agriculture: A systematic literature review&#8221; Computers &amp; Security 150: 104284. DOI: 10.1016\/j.cose.2024.104284.<\/li>\n<li>[19] Y. Gao, S. A. Camtepe, N. H. Sultan, H. T. Bui, A. Mahboubi, H. Aboutorab, M. Bewong, R. Islam, M. Z. Islam, A. Chauhan, et al., (2024) &#8220;Security threats to agricultural artificial intelligence: Position and perspective&#8221; Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 227: 109557. DOI: 10.1016\/j.compag.2024.109557.<\/li>\n<li>[20] Y. Chen, R. Li, Z. Zhao, C. Peng, J. Wu, E. Hossain, and H. Zhang, (2024) &#8220;NetGPT: An AI-native network architecture for provisioning beyond personalized generative services&#8221; IEEE Network 38(6): 404\u2013413. DOI: 10.1109\/MNET.2024.3376419.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"template":"wp-custom-template-detail-4-aricles","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":""},"categories":[12,17,6],"tags":[90],"acf":[],"uagb_featured_image_src":[],"uagb_author_info":{"display_name":"\u6797\u923a\u6db5","author_link":"\/jase\/?author=3"},"uagb_comment_info":0,"uagb_excerpt":"&nbsp;Copyright&nbsp;The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the&nbsp;Creative Commons Attribution&nbsp;License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are cited. Download Citation:&nbsp; BibTeX | https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6180\/jase.202608_31.033&nbsp;&nbsp; Download PDF Consumer-grade Agricultural AIoT (Agri-AIoT) systems increasingly rely on cloud-based intelligence, which&hellip;","_links":{"self":[{"href":"\/jase\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/tkuisotope\/1088"}],"collection":[{"href":"\/jase\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/tkuisotope"}],"about":[{"href":"\/jase\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/tkuisotope"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"\/jase\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"\/jase\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1088"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"\/jase\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1088"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"\/jase\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1088"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}