{"id":10175,"date":"2026-08-17T21:23:02","date_gmt":"2026-08-17T13:23:02","guid":{"rendered":"\/jase\/?post_type=tkuisotope&p=10175"},"modified":"2026-08-17T23:53:06","modified_gmt":"2026-08-17T15:53:06","slug":"jase-202611-34-044","status":"publish","type":"tkuisotope","link":"\/jase\/?tkuisotope=jase-202611-34-044","title":{"rendered":"Hydrothermal Synthesis of Calcium Silicate Hydrate from Waste Glass: Effect of CaO\/SiO2 Ratio on Phase Formation and Properties"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\n
\n

<\/i> 2026<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

\n

<\/i> Volume 34<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

\n
\n
\n
\n

Kieu Do Trung Kien1,3<\/sup>, Hoang Trung Ngon2,3<\/sup>, Tran Tan Dat1,3<\/sup>, and Le Thi Quynh Anh1,3<\/sup><\/i><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1<\/sup>Faculty of Materials Technology, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, Dien Hong
Ward, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2<\/sup>Faculty of Chemical Engineering, 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, Dien Hong Ward, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3<\/sup>Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Linh Xuan Ward, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

\n

Received: April 23, 2026
Accepted: July 22, 2026
Publication Date: August 17, 2026<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

\"\u4e0a\u50b3\u5716\u7247\"\n\n\n

A diagram of the prototyping process.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

<\/i> Copyright <\/strong>The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0)<\/a>, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are cited.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Download Citation:\u00a0 BibTeX <\/a>| http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.6180\/jase.202611_34.044<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Download PDF<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Environmental pollution has become increasingly severe due to multiple contributing factors, among which the rapid growth of industrial waste is particularly significant. In practice, the glass industry generates substantial waste daily, primarily in the form of grinding glass powder. While cullet can be recycled through remelting, the ground glass powder is often directly discharged into the environment or disposed of in landfills. Therefore, the treatment and valorization of industrial waste, particularly glass powder, have become research topics for mitigating environmental pollution. In this study, waste glass was used as a silica source to synthesize calcium silicate hydrate and investigate the effect of the CaO\/SiO2<\/sub> ratio on phase formation. Waste glass powder was mixed with lime, pelletized, and subjected to hydrothermal treatment at 180 o<\/sup>C for 10 hours. The formation of Xonotlite and Tobermorite was confirmed by XRD, FTIR, SEM, and EDX analyses, demonstrating the feasibility of synthesizing calcium silicate hydrate from waste glass powder. Mechanical and physical properties, including diametral tensile strength, water absorption, and bulk density, indicated that the optimal CaO\/SiO2<\/sub> ratio for synthesizing calcium silicate hydrate from waste glass is 0.9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Keywords: Calcium silicate hydrate; CaO\/SiO2 ratio; Waste glass; Hydrothermal synthesis; Recycled materials<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n
\n
\n
    \n
  1. [1] V.<\/span> Krivtsov,<\/span> P.<\/span> A.<\/span> W\u00e4ger,<\/span> P.<\/span> Dacombe,<\/span> P.<\/span> W.<\/span> Gilgen,<\/span> S.<\/span> Heaven,<\/span> L.<\/span> M.<\/span> Hilty,<\/span> and C.<\/span> J.<\/span> Banks,<\/span> (2004) “Analysis of energy footprints associated with recycling of glass and plastic\u2014case studies for industrial ecology” Ecological Modelling 174(1-2):<\/span> 175\u2013189.<\/span> DOI:<\/span> 10.<\/span>1016\/j.<\/span>ecolmodel.<\/span>2004.<\/span>01.<\/span>007.<\/span><\/li>\n
  2. [2] S.<\/span> Pennetier and B.<\/span> Yu.<\/span> \u201cRe-Glass:<\/span> Product Development Pathways for Post-Consumer Glass\u201d.<\/span> In:<\/span> Challenging Glass Conference Proceedings.<\/span> 9.<\/span> 2024.<\/span> DOI:<\/span> 10.<\/span>47982\/cgc.<\/span>9.<\/span>649.<\/span><\/li>\n
  3. [3] R.<\/span> F.<\/span> Cook,<\/span> (1978) \u201cThe collection and recycling of waste glass (cullet) in glass container manufacture\u201d Conservation & Recycling 2(1):<\/span> 59\u201369.<\/span> DOI:<\/span> 10.<\/span>1016\/0361-3658(78)90029-2.<\/span><\/li>\n
  4. [4] R.<\/span> Beerkens,<\/span> G.<\/span> Kers,<\/span> and E.<\/span> van Santen.<\/span> \u201cRecycling of post-consumer glass:<\/span> energy savings,<\/span> CO2 emission reduction,<\/span> effects on glass quality and glass melting\u201d.<\/span> In:<\/span> 71st Conference on Glass Problems:<\/span> Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings.<\/span> 32.<\/span> 2011,<\/span> 167\u2013194.<\/span> DOI:<\/span> 10.<\/span>1002\/9781118095348.<\/span>ch16.<\/span><\/li>\n
  5. [5] R.<\/span> Conradt,<\/span> (2019) \u201cProspects and physical limits of processes and technologies in glass melting\u201d Journal of Asian Ceramic Societies 7(4):<\/span> 377\u2013396.<\/span> DOI:<\/span> 10.<\/span>1080\/21870764.<\/span>2019.<\/span>1656360.<\/span><\/li>\n
  6. [6] N.<\/span> H.<\/span> Thang and N.<\/span> V.<\/span> U.<\/span> e.<\/span> a.<\/span> Nhi,<\/span> (2024) \u201cSynthesis of calcium silicate materials from the residual waste sludge of a water-purification plant\u201d Materials and Technology 58(1):<\/span> 53\u201360.<\/span> DOI:<\/span> 10.<\/span>17222\/mit.<\/span>2023.<\/span>876.<\/span><\/li>\n
  7. [7] P.<\/span> T.<\/span> Kien and N.<\/span> H.<\/span> M.<\/span> e.<\/span> a.<\/span> Ngoc,<\/span> (2021) \u201cStudy of removal Chrome (III) using Calcium Silicate Hydrate (CSH) synthesized from rice hush and CaO by hydrothermal method\u201d Vietnam Journal of Catalysis and Adsorption 10(4):<\/span> 18\u201322.<\/span> DOI:<\/span> 10.<\/span>51316\/jca.<\/span>2021.<\/span>063.<\/span><\/li>\n
  8. [8] R.<\/span> Siauciunas,<\/span> G.<\/span> Smalakys,<\/span> A.<\/span> Eisinas,<\/span> and E.<\/span> Prichockiene,<\/span> (2022) \u201cSynthesis of high crystallinity 1.<\/span>13 nm tobermorite and xonotlite from natural rocks,<\/span> their properties and application for heat-resistant products\u201d Materials 15(10):<\/span> 3474.<\/span> DOI:<\/span> 10.<\/span>3390\/ma15103474.<\/span><\/li>\n
  9. [9] S.<\/span> Wang,<\/span> X.<\/span> Peng,<\/span> L.<\/span> Tang,<\/span> L.<\/span> Zeng,<\/span> and C.<\/span> Lan,<\/span> (2018) \u201cInfluence of hydrothermal synthesis conditions on the formation of calcium silicate hydrates:<\/span> from amorphous to crystalline phases\u201d Journal of Wuhan University of Technology-Mater.<\/span> Sci.<\/span> Ed.<\/span> 33(5):<\/span> 1150\u20131158.<\/span> DOI:<\/span> 10.<\/span>1007\/s11595-018-1947-0.<\/span><\/li>\n
  10. [10] Z.<\/span> Yang,<\/span> C.<\/span> Fang,<\/span> Y.<\/span> Jiao,<\/span> D.<\/span> Zhang,<\/span> D.<\/span> Kang,<\/span> and K.<\/span> Wang,<\/span> (2023) \u201cStudy on crystal growth of tobermorite synthesized by calcium silicate slag and silica fume\u201d Materials 16(3):<\/span> 1288.<\/span> DOI:<\/span> 10.<\/span>3390\/ma16031288.<\/span><\/li>\n
  11. [11] F.<\/span> Pelisser,<\/span> P.<\/span> J.<\/span> P.<\/span> Gleize,<\/span> and A.<\/span> Mikowski,<\/span> (2012) \u201cEffect of the Ca\/Si molar ratio on the micro\/nanomechanical properties of synthetic CSH measured by nanoindentation\u201d The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 116(32):<\/span> 17219\u201317227.<\/span> DOI:<\/span> 10.<\/span>1021\/jp302240c.<\/span><\/li>\n
  12. [12] J.<\/span> Wu,<\/span> H.<\/span> Liao,<\/span> Z.<\/span> Ma,<\/span> H.<\/span> Song,<\/span> and F.<\/span> Cheng,<\/span> (2023) \u201cEffect of different initial CaO\/SiO2 molar ratios and curing times on the preparation and formation mechanism of calcium silicate hydrate\u201d Materials 16(2):<\/span> 717.<\/span> DOI:<\/span> 10.<\/span>3390\/ma16020717.<\/span><\/li>\n
  13. [13] A.<\/span> Madadi and J.<\/span> Wei,<\/span> (2026) \u201cNew Insights into the Role of Ca\/Si Ratio in Regulating the Formation,<\/span> Phase Evolution,<\/span> Atomic Structure,<\/span> and Macro-Performance of Calcium Silicate Hydrates\u201d Journal of Building Engineering 119:<\/span> 115170.<\/span> DOI:<\/span> 10.<\/span>1016\/j.<\/span>jobe.<\/span>2025.<\/span>115170.<\/span><\/li>\n
  14. [14] T.<\/span> N.<\/span> Quan and P.<\/span> T.<\/span> Kien,<\/span> (2026) \u201cSynthesis Of Calcium Silicate Hydrate From PV Waste Glass And Carbide Waste Sludge In Water And NaOH Medium Toward The Cr (III) Removal In Wastewater\u201d Journal of Applied Science and Engineering 29(5):<\/span> 1075\u20131082.<\/span> DOI:<\/span> 10.<\/span>6180\/jase.<\/span>202605_29(5).<\/span>0005.<\/span><\/li>\n
  15. [15] K.<\/span> Luke,<\/span> (2004) \u201cPhase studies of pozzolanic stabilized calcium silicate hydrates at 180 \u00b0C\u201d Cement and Concrete Research 34(9):<\/span> 1725\u20131732.<\/span> DOI:<\/span> 10.<\/span>1016\/j.<\/span>cemconres.<\/span>2004.<\/span>05.<\/span>021.<\/span><\/li>\n
  16. [16] R.<\/span> Gendvilas and R.<\/span> Siauciunas,<\/span> (2016) \u201cThe Influence of Temperature and Nature of CaO Component on the Formation of \u03b1-C2SH\u201d Solid State Phenomena 244:<\/span> 12\u201318.<\/span> DOI:<\/span> 10.<\/span>4028\/www.<\/span>scientific.<\/span>net\/ssp.<\/span>244.<\/span>12.<\/span><\/li>\n
  17. [17] H.<\/span> T.<\/span> Nguyen,<\/span> Q.<\/span> B.<\/span> Nguyen,<\/span> V.<\/span> P.<\/span> Nguyen,<\/span> and T.<\/span> K.<\/span> Pham,<\/span> (2024) \u201cSyntheses and Characteristics of Calcium-Based Geopolymer from Solar-Cell Panel-Glass Waste by Hydrothermal Method\u201d Materials and Technology 58(4):<\/span> 467\u2013475.<\/span> DOI:<\/span> 10.<\/span>17222\/mit.<\/span>2024.<\/span>1153.<\/span><\/li>\n
  18. [18] C.<\/span> Shi and S.<\/span> Hu,<\/span> (2003) \u201cCementitious properties of ladle slag fines under autoclave curing conditions\u201d Cement and Concrete Research 33(11):<\/span> 1851\u20131856.<\/span> DOI:<\/span> 10.<\/span>1016\/s0008-8846(03)00211-4.<\/span><\/li>\n
  19. [19] A. Monshi, M. R. Foroughi, M. R. Monshi, et al., (2012) \u201cModified Scherrer equation to estimate more accurately nano-crystallite size using XRD\u201d World J. nano sci. eng 2(3): 154\u2013160. DOI: 10.4236\/wjnse.2012.23020.<\/li>\n
  20. [20] N. H. Thien Khoi and N. H. Thang, (2026) \u201cLow-field strain-driven phase diagram of (Bi1\/2Na1\/2) TiO3 \u2013 SrTiO3 \u2013 LiNbO3 lead-free relaxor ceramics for actuator applications\u201d RSC advances 16(28): 26173\u201326189. DOI: 10.1039\/D6RA00669H.<\/li>\n
  21. [21] T. B. Chien, N. C. Bao, N. N. Thien, T. T. P. Nghi, T. N. P. Khuong, N. H. Thang, et al., (2026) \u201cSustainable glass-phase engineering via photovoltaic waste glass for enhanced energy storage in BNT ceramics\u201d Particuology 115: 174\u2013191. DOI: 10.1016\/j.partic.2026.05.014.<\/li>\n
  22. [22] I. G. Richardson, (2008) \u201cThe calcium silicate hydrates\u201d Cement and Concrete Research 38(2): 137\u2013158. DOI: 10.1016\/j.cemconres.2007.11.005.<\/li>\n
  23. [23] I. G. Richardson, (2014) \u201cModel structures for c-(a)-sh (i)\u201d Structural Science 70(6): 903\u2013923. DOI: 10.1107\/s2052520614021982.<\/li>\n
  24. [24] D. R. Moorehead and E. R. McCARTNEY, (1965) \u201cHydrothermal formation of calcium silicate hydrates\u201d Journal of the American Ceramic Society 48(11): 565\u2013569. DOI: 10.1111\/j.1151-2916.1965.tb14673.x.<\/li>\n
  25. [25] A. Nonat, (2004) \u201cThe structure and stoichiometry of CSH\u201d Cement and Concrete Research 34(9): 1521\u20131528. DOI: 10.1016\/j.cemconres.2004.04.035.<\/li>\n
  26. [26] G. Constantinides and F.-J. Ulm, (2007) \u201cThe nanogranular nature of C\u2013S\u2013H\u201d Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids 55(1): 64\u201390. DOI: 10.1016\/j.jmps.2006.06.003.<\/li>\n
  27. [27] K. L. Scrivener and A. Nonat, (2011) \u201cHydration of cementitious materials, present and future\u201d Cement and Concrete Research 41(7): 651\u2013665. DOI: 10.1016\/j.cemconres.2011.03.026.<\/li>\n
  28. [28] M. J. Zafar, H. Elsayed, and E. Bernardo, (2024) \u201cWaste glass upcycling supported by alkali activation: an overview\u201d Materials 17(9): 2169. DOI: 10.3390\/ma17092169.<\/li>\n
  29. [29] Y. Liu, C. Shi, Z. Zhang, and N. Li, (2019) \u201cAn overview on the reuse of waste glasses in alkali-activated materials\u201d Resources, Conservation and Recycling 144: 297\u2013309. DOI: 10.1016\/j.resconrec.2019.02.007.<\/li>\n
  30. [30] J. Kikuma, M. Tsunashima, T. Ishikawa, S. y. Matsuno, A. Ogawa, K. Matsui, and M. Sato, (2009) \u201cHydrothermal formation of tobermorite studied by in situ X-ray diffraction under autoclave condition\u201d Synchrotron Radiation 16(5): 683\u2013686. DOI: 10.1107\/s0909049509022080.<\/li>\n
  31. [31] A. B. Ikuyinminu, C. Pritzel, and R. Trettin, (2023) \u201cImproved flexural strength and morphology of gypsum by wollastonite\u201d International Journal of Ceramic Engineering & Science 5(4): e10177. DOI: 10.1002\/ces2.10177.<\/li>\n
  32. [32] S. S. Al-Jaroudi, A. Ul-Hamid, A.-R. I. Mohammed, and S. Saner, (2007) \u201cUse of X-ray powder diffraction for quantitative analysis of carbonate rock reservoir samples\u201d Powder Technology 175(3): 115\u2013121. DOI: 10.1016\/j.powtec.2007.01.013.<\/li>\n
  33. [33] Z. Zhu, Z. Wang, Y. Zhou, Y. Chen, and K. Wu, (2022) \u201cNanoscale determination of calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) precursors crystallized at extreme early stage\u201d Measurement 199: 111489. DOI: 10.1016\/j.measurement.2022.111489.<\/li>\n
  34. [34] L. Galv\u00e1nkov\u00e1, J. M\u00e1silko, T. Soln\u00fd, and E. \u0160t\u011bp\u00e1nkov\u00e1, (2016) \u201cTobermorite synthesis under hydrothermal conditions\u201d Procedia Engineering 151: 100\u2013107. DOI: 10.1016\/j.proeng.2016.07.394.<\/li>\n
  35. [35] N. D. Van, K. Imasawa, and Y. Hama, (2022) \u201cInfluence of hydrothermal synthesis conditions and carbonation on physical properties of xonotlite-based lightweight material\u201d Construction and Building Materials 321: 126328. DOI: 10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2022.126328.<\/li>\n
  36. [36] E. Herth, R. Zeggari, J.-Y. Rauch, F. Remy-Martin, and W. Boireau, (2016) \u201cInvestigation of amorphous SiOx layer on gold surface for Surface Plasmon Resonance measurements\u201d Microelectronic Engineering 163: 43\u201348. DOI: 10.1016\/j.mee.2016.04.014.<\/li>\n
  37. [37] N. Y. Mostafa, A. A. Shaltout, H. Omar, and S. A. Abo-El-Enein, (2009) \u201cHydrothermal synthesis and characterization of aluminium and sulfate substituted 1.1 nm tobermorites\u201d Journal of Alloys and Compounds 467(1-2): 332\u2013337. DOI: 10.1016\/j.jallcom.2007.11.130.<\/li>\n
  38. [38] L. F. Isernia, (2013) \u201cFTIR study of the relation, between extra-framework aluminum species and the adsorbed molecular water, and its effect on the acidity in ZSM-5 steamed zeolite\u201d Materials Research 16(4): 792\u2013802. DOI: 10.1590\/s1516-14392013005000044.<\/li>\n
  39. [39] S. Shaw, C. M. B. Henderson, and S. M. Clark, (2002) \u201cIn-situ synchrotron study of the kinetics, thermodynamics, and reaction mechanisms of the hydrothermal crystallization of gyrolite, Ca16Si24O60(OH)8.14H2O\u201d American Mineralogist 87(4): 533\u2013541. DOI: 10.2138\/am-2002-0416.<\/li>\n
  40. [40] H. F. W. Taylor, (1959) \u201cThe transformation of tobermorite into xonotlite\u201d Mineralogical magazine and journal of the Mineralogical Society 32(245): 110\u2013116. DOI: 10.1180\/minmag.1959.32.245.03.<\/li>\n
  41. [41] A. Hartmann, D. Schulenberg, and J.-C. Buhl, (2015) \u201cInvestigation of the transition reaction of tobermorite to xonotlite under influence of additives\u201d Advances in Chemical Engineering and Science 5 (2015), Nr. 2 5: 197\u2013214. DOI: 10.4236\/aces.2015.52022.<\/li>\n
  42. [42] S. Shaw, S. M. Clark, and C. M. B. Henderson, (2000) \u201cHydrothermal formation of the calcium silicate hydrates, tobermorite (Ca5Si6O16(OH)2.4H2O) and xonotlite (Ca6Si6O17(OH)2): an in situ synchrotron study\u201d Chemical Geology 167(1-2): 129\u2013140. DOI: 10.1016\/s0009-2541(99)00205-3.<\/li>\n
  43. [43] L. M. Federico and S. E. Chidiac, (2009) \u201cWaste glass as a supplementary cementitious material in concrete\u2013critical review of treatment methods\u201d Cement and concrete composites 31(8): 606\u2013610. DOI: 10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2009.02.001.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"template":"wp-custom-template-detail-4-aricles","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":""},"categories":[12,1682,6],"tags":[1726],"acf":[],"uagb_featured_image_src":[],"uagb_author_info":{"display_name":"\u6797\u923a\u6db5","author_link":"\/jase\/?author=3"},"uagb_comment_info":0,"uagb_excerpt":" Copyright The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are cited. Download Citation:\u00a0 BibTeX | http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.6180\/jase.202611_34.044\u00a0\u00a0 Download PDF Environmental pollution has become increasingly severe due to multiple contributing factors,…","_links":{"self":[{"href":"\/jase\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/tkuisotope\/10175"}],"collection":[{"href":"\/jase\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/tkuisotope"}],"about":[{"href":"\/jase\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/tkuisotope"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"\/jase\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"\/jase\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=10175"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"\/jase\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=10175"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"\/jase\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=10175"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}