Felix Ghislain Yem Souhe This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.1, Alexandre Teplaira Boum1, Pierre Ele2, Camille Franklin Mbey1, and Vinny Junior Foba Kakeu1

1Department of Electrical Engineering, ENSET, University of Douala, Cameroon
2Department of Electrical Engineering, Polytechnic of Yaounde, Yaounde, Cameroon


 

Received: September 24, 2021
Accepted: February 9, 2022
Publication Date: March 18, 2022

 Copyright The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are cited.


Download Citation: ||https://doi.org/10.6180/jase.202301_26(1).0003  


ABSTRACT


Fault detection and location give to smart grid the ability to self-healing and isolating the fault in order to limit the negative consequences. In the literature, several techniques are proposed for detection and classification of faults using artificial intelligence algorithms. This paper proposes a novel method using fuzzy logic and neural networks for detection, classification, characterization and location of faults based on data from sensors and smart meters installed in the smart grid. The proposed technique in this paper, use simultaneously the OpenDSS-Matlab platform, makes it possible to detect and classify the fault in the network. The IEEE 37-bus system is used to verify the proposed method. The obtained precision using the proposed strategy is 99.9  which is good value in the literature. This method can be useful for network operators in detection, classification, characterization and location of faults.


Keywords: fault classification, fault detection, fuzzy logic, smart meter data, smart grid


REFERENCES


  1. [1] S. Sagiroglu, R. Terzi, Y. Terzi, and I. Colak. “Big Data Issues in Smart Grid Systems”. In: 5th International Conference on Renewable Energy Research and Application. 2016, 1007–1012
  2. [2] V. J. F. Kakeu, A. T. Boum, and C. F. Mbey, (2021) “Optimal Reliability of a Smart Grid" International Journal of Smart Grid 5(2): 74–82.
  3. [3] A. Daissaoui, A. Boulmakoul, L. Karim, and A. Lbath. “IoT and Big Data Analytics for Smart Buildings: A Survey”. In: The 11th International Conference on Ambient Systems, Networks and Technologies (ANT), 170.Warsaw, Poland, 2020, 161–168.
  4. [4] S. Azad, F. Sabrina, and S. Wasimi. “Transformation of Smart Grid using Machine Learning”. In: 29th Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC). Australia, 2019, 1–6.
  5. [5] C. Vineetha and C. Babu, (2014) “Smart grid challenges, issues and solutions" Intelligent Green Building and Smart Grid (IGBSG), 2014 International Conference: 1–4.
  6. [6] F. Y. Souhe, A. T. Boum, and C. F. Mbey, (2021) “Roadmap for Smart Metering Deployment in Cameroon" International Journal of Smart Grid 5: 37–44.
  7. [7] C. F. Mbey, A. Boum, and L. N. Nneme, (2020)“Roadmap for the Transformation of the South Cameroon Interconnected Network (RIS) into Smart-Grid" American Journal of Energy Engineering 8(1):
  8. [8] T. S. Hlalele and Y. S. and. “Faults Classification and identification on smart grid: Part- A status Review”. In: 2nd International Conference on sustainable Materials Processing and Manufacturing (SMPM). 35. 2019, 601–606.
  9. [9] J. Hare, X. Shi, S. Gupta, and A. Bazzi, (2016) “Fault diagnostics in smart micro-grids" Sustain. Energy Rev. 1114–1124.
  10. [10] M. Jamil, R. Singh, and S. K. Sharma, (2015) “Fault identification in electrical power distribution system using combined discrete wavelet transform and fuzzy logic" J. Electr. Syst. Inf. Technol. 2(2): 257–267. [11] M. Jamil, S. K. Sharma, and R. Singh, (2015) “Fault detection and classification in electrical power transmission system using artificial neural network" Springer plus 4(1):
  11. [12] H. Liao and N. Anani, (2017) “Fault identificationbased voltage sag state estimation using artificial neural network" Energy Procedia 134: 40–47.
  12. [13] K. Manandhar, X. Cao, F. Hu, and Y. Liu, (2014) “Detection of Faults and Attacks Including False Data Injection Attack in Smart Grid Using Kalman Filter" IEEE Transactions On Control Of Network Systems 1(4): 370–379.
  13. [14] H. Qi, X.Wang, L. Tolbert, F. Li, F. Peng, P. Ning, and M. Amin, (2011) “A resilient real-time system design for a secure and reconfigurable power grid" IEEE Trans. Smart Grid 2(4): 770–781.
  14. [15] C. Can, W. Kuihua, W. Yutian, Q. Lujie, F. Liang, and Y. Shenquan. “Automatic Classification of Voltage Sags Based on Advanced Two-stage Feature Extraction Techniques”. In: 5th Asia Conference on Power and Electrical Engineering (ACPEE). 2020, 420–425.
  15. [16] Y. Amirat, Z. Oubrahim, and M. Benbouzid, (2015) “On Phasor Estimation for Voltage Sags Detection in a Smart Grid Context": 1351–1356.
  16. [17] H. M. Nadeem, X. Zheng, N. Tai, M. Gul, and M. Yu. “Detection and Classification of Faults in MTDC Networks”. In: IEEE PES Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC). 2018, 311–316.
  17. [18] S. Beheshtaein, M. Savaghebi, J. C. Vasquez, and J. M. Guerrero. “A Hybrid Algorithm for Fault Locating in Looped Microgrids”. In: IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE). 2016, 1–6.
  18. [19] J. Duan, K. Zhang, and L. Cheng, (2016) “A Novel Method of Fault Location for Single-Phase Microgrids" IEEE Trans. Smart Grid 7(2): 915–925.
  19. [20] Z. Jiao, H. Gong, and Y.Wang, (2016) “A D-S Evidence Theory-based Relay Protection System Hidden Failueres Detection Method in Smart Grid" IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid:
  20. [21] K. Nainar and F. Iov, (2021) “Three-Phase State Estimation for Distribution-Grid Analytics" Clean Technol. 3: 395–408.
  21. [22] J. Wang, Q. Yang, W. Sima, T. Yuan, and M. Zahn, (2011) “A Smart Online Over-Voltage Monitoring and Identification System" Energies 4: 599–615.
  22. [23] J. Q. James, Y. Hou, Y. S. L. Albert, and O. K. L. Victor, (2019) “Intelligent Fault Detection Scheme for Microgrids with Wavelet-based Deep Neural Networks" IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 10(2): 1694–1703.
  23. [24] A. J. Wilson, D. R. Reising, R. W. Hay, R. C. Johnson, A. A. Karrar, and T. D. Loveless, (2020) “Automated Identification of Electrical Disturbance Waveforms within an Operational Smart Power Grid" IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 11(5): 4380–4389.
  24. [25] P. D. Achlerkar, S. R. Samantaray, and M. S. Manikandan, (2018) “Variational Mode Decomposition and Decision Tree Based Detection and Classification of Power Quality Disturbances in Grid-Connected Distributed Generation System" IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 9(4): 3122–3132.
  25. [26] A. Jalali, P. Ravikumar, and S. Sanghavi, (2013) “A Dirty Model for Multiple Sparse Regression" IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 59(12): 7947–7968.
  26. [27] M. H. Nadeem, X. Zheng, N. Tai, and M. Gul, (2018) “Identification and Isolation of Faults in Multi-terminal High Voltage DC Networks with Hybrid Circuit Breakers" Energies 11: 1–21.
  27. [28] K. Tahata, S. E. Oukaili, K. Kamei, D. Yoshida, Y. Kono, R. Yamamoto, and H. Ito, (2015) “HVDC circuit breakers For HVDC grid applications" 11th IET International Conference on AC and DC Power Transmission: 1–9.
  28. [29] A. Mokhberdoran, A. Carvalho, N. Silva, H. Leite, and A. Carrapatoso, (2017) “Application study of superconducting fault current limiters in meshed HVDC grids protected by fast protection relays" Electr. Power Syst. Res. 143: 292–302.
  29. [30] W. Javed, D. Chen, M. E. Farrag, and Y. Xu, (2019) “System Configuration, Fault Detection, Location, Isolation and Restoration: A Review on LVDC Microgrid Protections" Energies 12:
  30. [31] J. Han, S. H. Miao, H. R. Yin, S. Y. Guo, Z. X. Wang, F. X. Yao, and Y. J. Lin. “Deep-Adversarial-Transfer Learning Based Fault Classification of Power Lines in Smart Grid”. In: IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 701. 2021.
  31. [32] J. D. Taft, (2017) “Fault Intelligence: Distribution Grid Fault Detection and Classification" Pacific Northwest National Laboratory: 1–38.
  32. [33] K. Saleh, A. Hooshyar, and E. F. E. Saadany, (2019) “Fault detection and location in Medium voltage DC microgrids using travelling-wave reflections" IET Renewable Power Generation: 1–9.
  33. [34] M. Dehghani, M. H. Khooban, and T. Niknam, (2016) “Fast fault detection and classification based on a combination of wavelet singular entropy theory and fuzzy logic in distribution lines in the presence of distributed generations" Electrical Power and Energy Systems 78: 455–462.
  34. [35] J. Hare, X. Shi, S. Gupta, and A. Bazzi, (2020) “Fault diagnostics in smart micro-grids: A survey" Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 60: 1114–1124.
  35. [36] A. E. L. Rivas and T. Abrao, (2020) “Faults in smart grid systems: Monitoring, detection and classification" Electric Power Systems Research 189: 1–26.
  36. [37] Y. Bansal and R. Sodhi. “Microgrid fault detection methods: Reviews, issues and future trends”. In: IEEE Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Asia (ISGT Asia). 2018, 401 406
  37. [38] S. A. Jamali, A. Bahmanyar, and E. Bompard, (2017) “Fault Location Method for Distribution Networks Using Smart Meters" Measurement: 1–22.
  38. [39] T. S. Hlalele, Y. Sun, and Z. Wang, (2019) “Faults Classification and Identification on Smart grid: Part-A Status Review" Procedia Manufacturing 35: 601–606.
  39. [40] D. Sarathkumar, M. Srinivasan, A. A. Stonier, R. Samikannu, N. R. Dasari, and R. A. Raj. “A Technical Review on Classification of Various Faults in Smart Grid Systems”. In: IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 1055. 1. IOP Publishing. 2021, 012152.
  40. [41] F. C. L. Trindade,W. Freitas, and J. C. M. Vieira, (2014) “Fault Location in Distribution Systems Based on Smart Feeder Meters" IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 29(1): 251–260.
  41. [42] K. Jia, Z. F. Ren, T. S. Bi, and Q. Yang, (2015) “Ground Fault Location Using the Low Voltage Side Recorded Data in Distribution Systems" IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 51(4): 4994–5001.
  42. [43] H. Jiang, D. W. Gao, and Y. Zhang, (2016) “Spatial- Temporal Synchrophasor Data Characterization and Analytics in Smart Grid Fault Detection, Identification, and Impact Causal Analysis" IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 7(5): 2525–2536.
  43. [44] A. S. Dobakhshari and A. M. Ranjbar, (2015) “A Novel Method for Fault Location of Transmission Lines by Wide- Area Voltage Measurements Considering Measurement Errors" IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 6(2): 874–884.
  44. [45] H. Jiang and W. Gao, (2014) “Fault Detection, Identification, and Location in Smart Grid Based on Data-Driven Computational Methods" IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 5(6): 2947–2956.
  45. [46] C. L. Kuo, J. L. Chen, S. J. Chen, C. C. Kao, H. T. Yau, and C. H. Lin, (2017) “Photovoltaic Energy Conversion System Fault Detection Using Fractional-Order Color Relation Classifier in Micro distribution Systems" IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 8(3): 1163–1172.
  46. [47] K. Chen, J. Hu, and J. He, (2018) “Detection and Classification of Transmission Line Faults Based on Unsupervised Feature Learning and Convolutional Sparse Auto encoder" IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 9(3): 1748– 1758.
  47. [48] S. Ntalampiras, (2007) “Fault Diagnosis for Smart Grids in Pragmatic Conditions" Journal of Latex Class Files 6(1):
  48. [49] M. H. Nadeem, T. Nengling, and Z. Xiaodong. “Multi-Terminal HVDC Fault Current Analysis During Line to Ground Fault”. In: Proc. Innovative smart grid technologies Conf. IGST. Auckland, New Zealand, 2017, 1–5.
  49. [50] R. Perez and C. Vasquez, (2016) “Fault Location in Distribution Systems with Distributed Generation Using Support Vector Machines and Smart Meters" IEEE Ecuador Technical Chapters Meeting (ETCM): 1–6.
  50. [51] R. Agrawal and D. Thukaram. “Identification of fault location in power distribution system with distributed generation using support vector machines”. In: IEEE PES Innov. Smart Grid Technol. Conf. 2013, 1–6.
  51. [52] G. M. Amer, A. S. Selmy, andW. A. Mohamed, (2020) “Enhanced Fault Diagnostic Technique Applied to IEEE 14-bus Smart Grid Standard" International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE) 9(4):
  52. [53] A. Khoshnami and I. Sadeghkhani, (2018) “Sample entropy-based fault detection for photovoltaic arrays" IET Renewable Power Generation 12(16): 1966–1976.
  53. [54] S. S. Balasreedharan and S. Thangavel. “An Adaptive Fault Identification Scheme For Dc Microgrid Using Event Based Classification”. In: 3rd International Conference on Advanced Computing and Communication Systems (ICACCS). Coimbatore, INDIA, 2016, 1–7.
  54. [55] Y. Amirat and M. Benbouzid. “A Smart Grid Voltage Sag Detector using an EEMD-based Approach”. In: 2013 International Electric Machines & Drives Conference. 2013, 1300–1304.
  55. [56] Y. Amirat, M. Benbouzid, T. Wang, and S. Turri. “Smart Grid Voltage Sag Detection using Instantaneous Features Extraction”. In: IECON 2013 - 39th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society. 2013, 7394–7399.
  56. [57] R. Kumar, (2011) “Assuring Voltage Stability in the Smart Grid" ISGT: 1–4.
  57. [58] S. S. Maaji, G. Cosma, A. Taherkhani, A. A. Alani, and T. M. McGinnity. “On-line Voltage Stability Monitoring Using an Ensemble Adaboost Classifier”. In: 4th IEEE International Conference on Information Management,1–7.
  58. [59] D. Nguyen, R. Barella, S. A. Wallace, X. Zhao, and X. Liang, (2015) “Smart Grid Line Event Classification Using Supervised Learning Over PMU Data Streams" Sixth International Green and Sustainable Computing Conference (IGSC): 1–8.
  59. [60] B. S. England and A. T. Alouani, (2020) “Real time voltage stability prediction of smart grid areas using smart Meters data and improved Thevenin estimates" Electrical Power and Energy Systems 122: 1–8.
  60. [61] F. G. Y. Souhe, C. F. Mbey, A. T. Boum, and P. Ele, (2021) “Forecasting of Electrical Energy Consumption of Households in a Smart Grid" International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy 11(6): 221–233.
  61. [62] J. T. Maita, (2019) “Simulation of Modern Distribution Systems Using Matlab and OpenDSS" FISEIEEE/ CIGRE Conference – Living the energy Transaction (FISE/CIGRE): 1–6.